1,1-dibromopropane

.

1,1-dibromopropane 1H NMR




The 1H NMR spectrum of an unknown compound shows the following signals: triplet, quintet and triplet (relative integrals 1:2:3, respectively)




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SAHARA DESERT, NORTH AFRICA

Hi Everyone. Our trip today is definitely something different. We are
going to North Africa to the Sahara Desert to see the area and some of
the animals that live there.

The Sahara is the world's hottest desert. At over 3,600,000 square
miles (9,400,000 square kilometers) it covers most of North Africa,
making it almost as large as China or the United States.

Some of the sand dunes can reach 590 feet (180 meters) in height. The
desert landforms of the Sahara are shaped by wind or by occasional
rains and include sand dunes and dune fields, stone plateaus, gravel
plains, dry valleys, and salt flats. Unusual landforms include the
Richat Structure in Mauritania.

Several deeply dissected mountains and mountain ranges, many volcanic,
rise from the desert.

Most of the rivers and streams in the Sahara are seasonal or intermittent,
the chief exception being the Nile River, which crosses the desert
from its origins in central Africa to empty into the Mediterranean.
Underground aquifers sometimes reach the surface.

The central part of the Sahara is hyper-arid, with little vegetation.
The northern and southern reaches of the desert, along with the
highlands, have areas of sparse grassland and desert shrub, with trees
and taller shrubs in moisture collects.

The Sahara has one of the harshest climates in the world. The
north-easterly wind often cause sand storms and dust devils. When this
wind reaches the Mediterranean, it is known as sirocco and often
reaches hurricane speeds in North Africa and southern Europe. Half of
the Sahara receives less than 0.79 inches of rain per year, and the
rest receives up to 3.9 inches per year. The rainfall happens very
rarely, but when it does it is usually torrential when it occurs after
long dry periods. Recent signals indicate that the Sahara and
surrounding regions are greening because of increased rainfall.
Satellite imaging shows extensive greening of the southern area
between 1982 and 2002, and in both Eastern and Western Sahara a more
than 20-year-long trend of increased grazing areas and flourishing
trees and shrubs has been observed.

On February 18, 1979, snow fell in several places in southern Algeria,
including a half-hour snowstorm that stopped traffic in Ghardaïa, and
was reported as being "for the first time in living memory". The snow
was gone within hours. Several Saharan mountain ranges, however,
receive snow more regularly. Although relative humidity is low in the
arid environment, the absolute humidity is high enough for moisture to
condense when driven up a mountain range. In winter, temperatures drop
low enough on the Tahat summit to cause snow on average every three
years; the Tibesti Mountains receive snow on peaks over 8,200 feet
once every seven years on average. On January 18, 2012, snow fell in
several places in western Algeria. Strong winds blew the snow across
roads and buildings in Béchar Province.

The Sahara comprises several distinct ecoregions, and with their
variations in temperature, rainfall, elevation, and soil, they harbor
distinct communities of plants and animals.

I hope you enjoy this trip to the Sahara Desert.

~

MAP

THE SAND















FEZZEN, LIBYA DESERT







MORROCO DESERT


CHAD DESERT

ALGERIA DESERT








ALGERIA, GETTING WATER FROM AN AQUAFER ?
SLEEPERS MOSQUE, TUNISIA

WATER



TREES, FLOWERS, GRASS










CAMELS
NOTICE THE DIFFERENT SHADE OF COLOR OF THE CAMELS
AND THE DIFFERENT WAYS THEY ARE RIDDEN














ELEPHANT



SCORPION


GERBIL MERIONES
GIRAFFES
LEOPARD


OSTRICH


SAND DRAGON LIZARD

FENNEC FOX


HYENA



BROWN HYENA

AFRICAN CHEETAH

JERBOA


RED TAILED HAWK
GAZELLE


SCIMITAR HORNED ORYX

RHINOCEROS

BEETLE

MONITOR LIZARD

AFRICAN MEERKAT
THORNY DEVIL LIZARD

GOLDEN JACKAL

DESERT TORTOISE

OCELLATUS

DESERT GOATS

BARBARY SHEEP


ADDAX


DESERT HEDGEHOG

IBEX

UNKNOWN ANIMAL









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solation and Total Synthesis of Stolonines A–C, Unique Taurine Amides from the Australian Marine Tunicate Cnemidocarpa stolonifera

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Figure 1. Structures of stolonines A-C (1–3), 11-hydroxyascididemin (4) and cnemidine A (5) isolated from the tunicate C. stolonifera.

Table 1. NMR data for 1 in DMSO-d6 a.

Position	δC	δH (J in Hz)	gCOSY	gHMBCAD
1		12.20, br.s	2
2	138.5	8.82, d (3.0)	1	3, 3a, 7a
3	112.1
3a	126.2
4	121.3	8.22, dd (1.8, 7.2)	5	6, 7a
5	122.4	7.24, dt (1.8, 7.2)	4, 6	3a, 7
6	123.3	7.26, dt (1.8, 7.2)	5, 7	4, 7a
7	112.5	7.52, dd (1.8, 7.2)	6	3a, 5
7a	136.2
8	181.6
9	162.7
10		8.78, t (5.4)	11	9
11	35.5	3.50, dd (6.0, 6.6)	10, 12	9, 12
12	49.8	2.66, t (6.6)	11	11

a 1H NMR at 600 MHz referenced to residual DMSO solvent (δH 2.50 ppm) and 13C NMR at 150 MHz referenced to residual DMSO solvent (δC 39.52 ppm).

Stolonine A (1) was obtained as a white amorphous solid. The (−)-HRESIMS spectrum displayed a molecular ion [M−H]−at m/z 295.0390, which was consistent with the molecular formula C12H12N2O5S. The IR spectrum indicated the presence of an S=O stretching band at 1205 cm−1 [16]. A 1H NMR spectrum of 1 showed two exchangeable protons (δH 12.20 and 8.78 ppm), five aromatic protons (δH 8.82, 8.22, 7.52, 7.26 and 7.24 ppm) and two methylenes (δH 3.50 and 2.66 ppm). Further analysis of the 13C NMR and gHSQCAD spectra indicated that the molecule contained two carbonyls (δC 181.6 and 162.7 ppm), eight aromatic carbons (δC 138.5, 136.2, 126.2, 123.3, 122.4, 121.3, 112.5 and 112.1 ppm) and two methylenes (δC 49.8 and 35.5 ppm) (Table 1). J coupling constants of aromatic protons H-4 (δH 8.22, dd, 1.8, 7.2 Hz), H-5 (δH 7.24, dt, 1.8, 7.2 Hz), H-6 (δH 7.26, dt, 1.8, 7.2 Hz) and H-7 (δH 7.52, dd, 1.8, 7.2 Hz) and their COSY correlations were characteristic of a 1,2-disubstituted benzene ring (a, Figure 2). A gCOSY spectrum displayed correlations from the exchangeable proton H-1 (δH12.20, br.s) to H-2 (δH 8.82, d, 3.0 Hz) and also from H-11 (δH 3.50, dd, 6.0, 6.6 Hz) to the triplet exchangeable proton H-10 (δH 8.78, t, 5.4 Hz) and H-12 (δH 2.66, t, 6.6 Hz) facilitating the establishment of two other spin systems, –NH–CH= (b,Figure 2) and –NH–CH2–CH2– (c, Figure 2) respectively. The aromatic carbon C-3 (δC 112.1 ppm) was attached to C-2 (δC138.5 ppm) in the moiety b determined by a HMBC correlation from H-2 to C-3. A HMBC correlation from H-2 to C-7a (δC136.2 ppm) supported the linkage from a to b at C-7a (Figure 2). Both protons H-10 and H-11 in the moiety c showed HMBC correlations with a carbonyl carbon at δC 162.7 ppm suggesting the connection of this carbonyl to N-10 to form an amide bond (c, Figure 2). Two methylene signals at δH 3.50 and 2.66 ppm corresponding to carbons C-11 (δC 35.5 ppm) and C-12 (δC 49.8 ppm) as well as the relatively downfield resonance of the methylene C-12 were diagnostic of methylenes in a taurine moiety (c, Figure 2) [17,18,19].

Table 1. NMR data for 1 in DMSO-d6 a.

Figure 2. Partial structures (a, b and c) of 1 and their key HMBC correlations.

Figure 2. Partial structures (a, b and c) of 1 and their key HMBC correlations.

No HMBC correlation from any proton to the carbonyl C-8 (δC 181.6 ppm) was observed when HMBC experiments were performed and optimized with different JHC couplings. Therefore, two different isomers 1-I and 1-II were conceivable from these data (Figure 3). Detailed HMBC analysis showed that H-2 had a HMBC correlation with C-3a (δC 126.2 ppm). This suggested that 1 was favorable to 1-I since the H-2 to C-3a correlation in 1-I was a three-bond coupling while the H-2 to C-3a correlation in 1-II was a four-bond coupling (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Two possible structures 1-I and 1-II of 1 (1-I and 1-II are possible structural isomers of 1).

Figure 3. Two possible structures 1-I and 1-II of 1 (1-I and 1-II are possible structural isomers of 1).

Table 2. Comparison of experimental and calculated 13C and 1H chemical shifts for 1 in DMSO-d6.

Position	δC (Exp.)	1-I		1-II		δH (Exp.)	1-I		1-II
		δC (Calc.)	δC (Scaled)	δC (Calc.)	δC (Scaled)		δH (Calc.)	δH (Scaled)	δH (Calc.)	δH (Scaled)
2	138.5	136.9	140.3	141.3	142.8	8.82	8.74	8.61	8.84	8.67
3	112.1	111.5	112.9	111.2	110.2
3a	126.2	124.1	126.5	123.0	122.9
4	121.3	118.9	120.9	124.3	124.4	8.22	8.62	8.48	8.40	8.19
5	122.4	120.1	122.1	121.1	120.9	7.24	7.63	7.40	7.63	7.35
6	123.3	120.9	123.0	129.4	129.9	7.26	7.59	7.36	8.00	7.76
7	112.5	108.7	109.9	114.8	114.1	7.52	7.55	7.31	7.53	7.24
7a	136.2	131.9	134.9	134.4	135.3
8	181.6	176.7	183.2	172.5	176.5
9	162.7	156.8	161.7	159.4	162.4
11	35.5	37.1	32.6	36.9	29.8	3.50	3.69	3.11	3.71	3.08
12	49.8	57.2	54.4	58.4	53.1	2.66	3.55	2.95	3.57	2.93
CMAE			1.5		3.1			0.23		0.25
DP4		100.0%		0.0%			85.3%		14.7%

Stolonine A (1): white, amorphous solid; UV (MeOH) λmax (log ε) 210 (3.8), 252 (3.5) and 325 (3.3) nm; IR (film) νmax 3307, 1681, 1205, 1049 and 802 cm−1; 1H (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) and 13C (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) NMR data are summarized in Table 1; (−)-HRESIMS m/z 295.0390 [M − H]− (calcd for [C12H11N2O5S]−, 295.0394, Δ −1.4 ppm).

Mar. Drugs 2015, 13(7), 4556-4575; doi:10.3390/md13074556

Article

Isolation and Total Synthesis of Stolonines A–C, Unique Taurine Amides from the Australian Marine Tunicate Cnemidocarpa stolonifera

Trong D. Tran 1, Ngoc B. Pham 1, Merrick Ekins 2, John N. A. Hooper 1,2 and Ronald J. Quinn 1,*

1

Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia

2

Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia

*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; Tel.: +61-7-3735-6009; Fax: +61-7-3735-6001.

http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/13/7/4556/htm
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RAIN FOREST, KODIAK ISLAND, ALASKA, USA
 

HI EVERYONE - YESTERDAY, WE WERE IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS.
TODAY, WE ARE GOING TO KODIAK ISLAND IN ALASKA
TO CHECK OUT A RAINFOREST.

IN ORDER TO BE CONSIDERED A RAINFOREST,
IT HAS TO RECEIVE BETWEEN 98 AND 180 INCHES OF
PERCIPITATION, INCLUDING SNOW. ALASKA'S RAINFOREST SANCTUARY IS A
TEMPERATE RAINFOREST, AS OPPOSED TO A TROPICAL RAINFOREST.

KODIAK ISLAND HAS FOUR SEASONS. SPRING HAS A
LOT OF RAIN, CAUSING TREES AND PLANTS TO BLOOM.
SUMMER HAS WARM TEMPERATURES OF 70 - 80 DEGREES FARENHEIT.
AUTUMN HAS COOL TEMPERATURES AND RAIN. WINTER HAS
VERY COLD TEMPERATURES AND SNOW. THE AVERAGE
ANNUAL TEMPERATURE IS 50 DEGREES F.

KODIAK ISLAND'S RAINFOREST RESERVE IS 40 ACRES AND
INCLUDES TALL STANDS OF SPRUCE, HEMLOCK AND
CEDAR TREES WITH A FOREST FLOOR SATURATED WITH MOSSES,
WILD FLOWERS AND A VARIETY OF BERRIES.
THE SANCTUARY IS LOCATED AT PISCURESQUE HERRING COVE.

ON-SITE EXPERIENCES INCLUDE INTERACTING WITH A
HERD OF ALASKAN REINDEER, VISITING THE ALASKA WILDLIFE
FOUNDATION CENTER, WATCHING A NATIVE MASTER TOTEM-POLE
CARVER AT WORK AND VISITING A HISTORIC ALASKAN SAWMILL.
THE ALASKA RAINFOREST SANCTUARY IS A UNIQUE ALASKA
EXPERIENCE AND PERFECT FOR THE NATURE LOVER.
EAGLE CREEK, ONE OF ALASKA'S RICHEST SALMON SPAWNING STREAMS,
FLOWS THROUGH THIS DIVERSE ECOSYSTEM, INTO THE OCEAN.
A MAJOR FISH HATCHERY IS LOCATED ACROSS
THE CREEK FROM THE SANCTUARY BOARDWALK.

I HOPE YOU HAVE ENJOYED YOUR VIST TO
KODIAK ISLAND, ALASKA TO SEE THE RAINFOREST.

RAINFOREST VEGETATION

BROWN BEAR

KODIAK BEAR FAMILY

LORIKEET BIRDS IN RAINFOREST - HARLEQUIN DUCK
 
BLUE GROUSE - CLARK'S NUTCRACKER

KODIAK ISLAND HAS LOTS OF BALD EAGLES

SWORD FERN - WILD STRAWBERRIES

Kodiak Island

Island in Alaska

Kodiak Island is a large island on the south coast of the U.S. state of Alaska, separated from the Alaska mainland by the Shelikof Strait. Wikipedia

 
 Kodiak Municipal Airport, Kodiak Island, Alaska


 

 

 
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