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Sunday 31 August 2014

Synthesis of erythro-9,10-dihydroxystearic acid, ارثرو-10،9-ثنائي هيدروحامض الستيارك, erythro-9,10-Διυδροστεατικό οξ

144

Erythro-9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid [3639-32-5]



Name erythro-9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid
Synonyms (9R,10S)-rel-9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid
Name in Chemical Abstracts Octadecanoic acid, 9,10-dihydroxy-, (9R,10S)-rel-
CAS No 3639-32-5
EINECS No
Molecular formula C18H34O4
Molecular mass 330.51








Oleic acid
KMnO4/NaOH
reacts to
erythro-9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid


Literature
A. Lapworth und E. N. Mottram, J. Chem. Soc., 1925,1628-31


Reaction type:addition to alkenes, oxidation, cis-hydroxylation
Substance classes:alkene, alcohol, natural product
Techniques:stirring with magnetic stir bar, filtering, recrystallizing, extracting
Instruction (batch scale 10 mmol) 
Equipment 
5 L beaker or Erlenmeyer flask, heatable magnetic stirrer, magnetic stir bar, suction flask, 
Buechner funnel, mortar, desiccator 
Substances 
oleic acid (techn. 90%) 3.14 g (equivalent to 10.0 mmol pure oleic acid) 
(oleic acid, pure: mp 16 °C, 
bp 193 °C/1.6 hPa) 
potassium permanganate 2.50 g (15.8 mmol) 
sodium hydroxid 3.14 g (78.5 mmol) 
hydrochloric acid (conc., 36%) 94 mL 
sodium sulfite or sodium disulfite 
petroleum ether (bp 60-80 °C) about 200 mL 
ethanol (bp 78 °C) for recrystallizing 
Reaction 
3.14 g (10.0 mmol) oleic acid (techn. 90%) are added to a solution of 3.14 g (78.5 mmol) 
NaOH in 320 mL water in a 5 L beaker with a magnetic stir bar. The mixture is heated under
stirring until a clear solution is formed. After the addition of 2.5 L ice-cold water, 250 mL 1% 
potassium permanganate solution are added within 1 minute under stirring at a temperature of 
10 °C. After 5 minutes so much solid sodium sulfite oder sodium disulfite is added, that the 
excess of potassium permanganate is reduced. Afterwards the solution is acidified with 94 mL 
conc. hydrochloric acid. The solution becomes colourless, and a colourless fluffy precipitation 
is formed. 
Work up 
The precipitation is sucked off and dried. Crude yield: 3.01 g, mp 81-88 °C 
The crude product is washed with 50 mL petroleum ether (60-80 °C) and dried under reduced 
pressure. The dried product is powdered in a mortar and digested with 100-150 mL petroleum 
ether in a beaker. Thus the sturated carboxylic acids contained in the oleic acid as impurities 
are removed. The dihydroxystearic acid is insoluble in petroleum ether. It is sucked off and 
recrystallized from ethanol. 
Yield: 2.74 g (8.70 mmol, 87%); mp 132 °C; colourless powder 
Yield71%Target product mass0.26gSum of input masses290gMass efficiency0.89mg/gMass index1100g input / g productE factor1100g waste / g product

Equipment

Batch scale:0.0011 mol


beaker 500 mLbeaker 500 mLheatable magnetic stirrer with magnetic stir barheatable magnetic stirrer with magnetic stir bar
suction flasksuction flasksuction filtersuction filter
mortarmortarexsiccator with drying agentexsiccator with drying agent






Operating scheme





crude product chromatogram


TLC: crude product
TLC layerMerck silica gel 60 F254
mobile phaseEtOAc
detectionimmerse into solution of 2.7 g KMnO4, 18 g K2CO3, 216 mg NaOH in 274 mL H2O, heating with air dryer
Rf (educt)0.87
Rf (product)0.67



1H NMR


1H-NMR: erythro-9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid
250 MHz, DMSO-d6
delta [ppm]mult.atomsassignment
0.86t (3J = 6.4 Hz)3 HCH3
1.2-1.6m26 Hother CH2
2.18t (3J = 7.3 Hz)2 H2-CH2
3.25m2 H9-CH-OH, 10-CH-OH
2.45s6 HDMSO


13C NMR


13C-NMR: erythro-9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid
62.5 MHz, DMSO-d6, 373°K
delta [ppm]assignment
13.0C18 (CH3)
21.2C17 (CH2
23.9CH2
24.8CH2
27.9CH2
28.0CH2
28.3CH2
28.4CH2
28.6CH2
30.6CH2
31.8CH2
33.2C2
73.4C9, C10 (CH-OH)
173.4C1 (COOH)
38.5-40.5DMSO-d6
IR


IR: erythro-9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid
[KBr, T%, cm-1]
[cm-1]assignment
3500-2500O-H valence, superimposed on C-H valence
1716C=O valence, carboxylic acid





Synthesis of 9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene-11,12-trans-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester

Anthracene+Fumaric acid diethyl ester
reacts to
9,10-Dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene-11,12-trans-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester

Synthesis of 9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene-11,12-trans-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester

Reaction type:cycloaddition, Diels-Alder reaction
Substance classes:alkene, aromatics, carboxylic acid ester, diene, dienophile, acid catalyst
Techniques:working with moisture exclusion, heating under reflux, stirring with magnetic stir bar, filtering, evaporating with rotary evaporator, recrystallizing, use of an ice cooling bath, heating with oil bath



Operating scheme

Operating scheme


Equipment

Batch scale:0.01 mol0.1 molAnthracene
three-necked flask 100 mLthree-necked flask 100 mLadapter with ground-glass joint and hose couplingadapter with ground-glass joint and hose coupling
protective gas pipingprotective gas pipingreflux condenserreflux condenser
drying tubedrying tubebubble counterbubble counter
powder funnelpowder funnelheatable magnetic stirrer with magnetic stir barheatable magnetic stirrer with magnetic stir bar
rotary evaporatorrotary evaporatorice bathice bath
exsiccator with drying agentexsiccator with drying agentoil bathoil bath


1H NMR

1H-NMR: 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene-11,12-trans-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester
250 MHz, CDCl3
delta [ppm]mult.atomsassignment
1.23t (3J = 7.2 Hz)6 HCH3 ethyl
3.45m2 H11-H, 12-H (-CH-COO-)
4.08m4 HCH2 ethyl
4.75m2 H9-H, 10-H
7.09-7.38m8 HCH (arom.)
>7.4CH (arom., educt)

13C NMR


13C-NMR: 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene-11,12-trans-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester
62.5 MHz, CDCl3
delta [ppm]assignment
14.2CH3 (ethyl ester)
46.7C9, C10 (CH)
47.7C11, C12 (CH-COO)
60.9CH2 (ethyl ester)
123.8CH arom.
124.5CH arom.
126.2CH arom.
126.3CH arom.
140.3C quart. arom.
142.0C quart. arom.
172.3C(=O)O-
76.5-77.5CDCl3

IR


IR: 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene-11,12-trans-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester
[KBr, T%, cm-1]
[cm-1]assignment
3074, 3026arom. C-H valence
2981aliph. C-H valence
2935, 2897aliph. C-H valence
1739C=O valence, ester
1467arom. C=C valence


Instruction (batch scale 100 mmol) 
Equipment 
1000 mL three-neck flask, adapter with ground glass joint and hose coupling, protective gas 
supply, reflux condenser, drying tube, bubble counter, powder funnel, heatable magnetic 
stirrer, magnetic stir bar, rotary evaporator , ice bath, desiccator, oil bath 
Substances 
anthracene (mp 215-217 °C9 17.8 g (100 mmol) 
fumaric acid diethyl ester (bp 219 °C) 17.2 g (16.4 mL, 100 mmol) 
aluminium chloride (water free) 13.3 g (100 mmol) 
cyclohexane (water free) (bp 81 °C) 500 mL 
cyclohexane (bp 81 °C) 200 mL 
sodium carbonate decahydrate 24.9 g (150 mmol) 
sodium carbonate (water free) 25.0 g (236 mmol) 
ethanol (bp 78 °C) 150 mL 

Reaction 
The reaction apparatus consists of a thoroughly dried 1000 mL three-neck flask with reflux 
condenser, drying tube and magnetic stir bar. On one opening of the flask is placed an adapter 
with ground glass joint and hose coupling as inlet for nitrogen. This adapter is replaced 
through a glass stopper after the addition of aluminium chloride to the flask. The reaction 
apparatus is flushed with nitrogen. Then under stirring 17.8 g (100 mmol) anthracene and 
17.2 g (16.4 mL, 100 mmol) fumaric acid diethyl ester are dissolved in the flask in 500 mL 
absolute cyclohexane. After cooling down in the ice bath 13.3 g (100 mmol) water-free 
aluminium chloride are added in one portion over a powder funnel under nitrogen counter 
flow. The reaction mixture is heated under stirring for four hours under reflux. 
Work up 
The reaction mixture is cooled down to room temperature, then 24.9 g (150 mmol) sodium 
carbonate decahydrate are added. The drying tube is replaced through a bubble counter filled 
with paraffin oil and the mixture is stirred until no more gas is formed. Then 25 g (236 mmol) 
sodium carbonate (water free) are added. The mixture is stirred for 10 minutes. The solid is 
filtered off and washed in portions with a total of 200 mL cyclohexane. The solvent is 
evaporated from the filtrate at a rotary evaporator. A solid residue remains as crude product, 
which is dried in the desiccator. Crude yield: 32.6 g 
The crude product is recrystallized from about 150 mL ethanol. 
Yield: 30.8 g (87.9 mmol, 88%); colourless crystals, mp 103 °C




Saturday 30 August 2014

7,7-dichlorobicyclo[4.1.0]heptane (7,7-dichloronorcarane

Cyclohexene+Chloroform
NaOH,Pr3N
reacts to
7,7-Dichlorobicyclo[4.1.0]heptane+Hydrogen chloride


Synthesis of 7,7-dichlorobicyclo[4.1.0]heptane (7,7-dichloronorcarane) from cyclohexene

Reaction type:addition to alkenes, elimination, cycloaddition
Substance classes:alkene, carbene, chloroalkane
Techniques:stirring with magnetic stir bar, adding dropwise with an addition funnel, distilling under reduced pressure, evaporating with rotary evaporator, shaking out, extracting, filtering, use of an ice cooling bath, heating with oil bath
http://kriemhild.uft.uni-bremen.de/nop/en/instructions/pdf/3005_en.pdf

Instruction (batch scale 100 mmol)
Equipment
100 mL three neck round bottom flask, reflux condenser, addition funnel with pressure
balance, heatable magnetic stirrer, magnetic stir bar, thermometer for inside of the flask,
separating funnel, destillation apparatus, rotary evaporator, oil bath, ice bath, vacuum pump
Substances
cyclohexene (bp 83 °C) 8.21 g (10.1 mL, 100 mmol)
chloroform (bp 61 °C) 48.0 g (32.7 mL, 400 mmol)
sodium hydroxide 16.0 g (400 mmol)
tri-n-propylamine (bp 156 °C) 0.14 g (0.19 mL, 1.0 mmol)
water 16 mL
ethanol (bp 78 °C) 1 mL
n-pentane (bp 36 °C) 120 mL
sodium sulfate for drying about 5 g
sodium chloride about 18 g
Reaction
Into a 100 mL three neck round bottom flask equipped with a reflux condenser addition
funnel, thermometer for measuring the inside temperature and magnetic stir bar, 8.21 g
(10.1 mL, 100 mmol) cyclohexene 0.14 g (0.19 mL, 1.0 mmol) tri-n-propylamine, 48.0 g
(32.7 mL, 400 mmol) chloroform and 1 mL ethanol is added. The mixture is cooled to 0 °C
with an ice bath, then under stirring and further cooling in the ice bath a solution of 16.0 g
(400 mmol) sodium hydroxide in 16 mL water is added through an addition funnel. The
mixture should be stirred vigourously during the next 20 minutes at 0 °C. After this time the
mixture is further stirred during 1 hour at room temperature and 3 hours at 50 °C.
Work up
Chloroform is evaporated with a rotary evaporator, then the residue is transferred with about
50 mL water and 30 mL n-pentane into a separating funnel. The organic phase is separated,
the aqueous phase is further extracted three times with 30 mL pentane. If an emulsion is
formed the aqueous phase is saturated with NaCl. The combined organic phases are dried over
sodium sulfate. The solution is filtered from sodium sulfate and the solvent is evaporated with
a rotary evaporator, yielding a nearly colourless liquid as crude product. The crude yield is
14.6 g. The crude product is distilled under reduced pressure.
Yield: 13.6 g (82.3 mmol, 82%), colourless liquid; bp 77 °C (11 hPa)


Operating scheme

Operating schemeOperating scheme

Equipment

Batch scale:0.01 mol0.1 mol1 molCyclohexene

two-necked flask 10 mLtwo-necked flask 10 mLreflux condenserreflux condenser
heatable magnetic stirrer with magnetic stir barheatable magnetic stirrer with magnetic stir barthermometerthermometer
graduated pipettegraduated pipetteseparating funnelseparating funnel
microdistillation apparatusmicrodistillation apparatusrotary evaporatorrotary evaporator
oil bathoil bathice bathice bath
vacuum pumpvacuum pump


................


pure product chromatogram

GC: pure productcolumnSE-54, L= 25 m, ID 0.32 mm, DF 0.25 µm (Macherey & Nagel)inletGerstel KAS, injector: 250°C, split injection 1:20, 0.15 µLcarrier gasN2, pre-column pressure 62 kPa, 1.04 mL/minoven80 °C (1 min), 10 °C/min --> 250 °C (30 min)detectorFID, 275 °Cintegrationpercent concentration calculated from relative peak area

1H NMR


1H-NMR: 7,7-Dichlorobicyclo[4.1.0]heptane
500 MHz, CDCl3
delta [ppm]mult.atomsassignment
1.12-1.36m4 HC4-H, C5-H
1.61-1.71m4 HC3-H, C6-H
1.88-1.98m2 HC1-H, C2-H
7.26s1 HCHCl3


13C NMR


3C-NMR: 7,7-Dichlorobicyclo[4.1.0]heptane
125 MHz, CDCl3
delta [ppm]assignment
18.9C4, C5
20.2C3, C6
25.8C2, C1
67.4C7
76.5-77.5CDCl3

IR
IR: 7,7-Dichlorobicyclo[4.1.0]heptane
[Film, T%, cm-1]
[cm-1]assignment
2944, 2855aliph. C-H valence
796C-Cl valence



............
Ubud, Bali, Indonesia.


Ubud - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Ubud
Ubud is a town on the Indonesian island of Bali in Ubud District, located amongst rice paddies and steep ravines in the central foothills of the Gianyar regency.
History - ‎Streets - ‎Buildings - ‎Economy


Ubud banner.jpg




  1. Ubud
    Town in Indonesia
  2. The town of Ubud, in the uplands of Bali, Indonesia, is known as a center for traditional crafts and dance. The surrounding Ubud District’s rainforest and terraced rice paddies, dotted with Hindu temples and shrines, are among Bali’s most iconic landscapes. Ancient holy sites include the Tirta Empul temple complex, intricately carved Goa Gajah (“Elephant Cave”) and Gunung Kawi with its rock-cut shrines.
  3. Weather: 27°C, Wind E at 14 km/h, 79% Humidity
  4. Local time: Thursday 6:54 PM
  5. Getting there: 9 h 10 min flight. View flights

Bali: Avilla Opens Bale Udang Indonesian Restaurant in Ubud

Food and Beverage
Following the the success of its Bale Udang Mang Engking Indonesian restaurant in Kuta, Avilla Hospitality has opened a second Indonesian eatery in Ubud.
Bali-restaurants-iimage-of-bale-udang-ubud-photo-credit-avilla-hospitality
Bale Udang Engking Bali in Ubud. Photo Credit: Avilla Hospitality.
Set amid rice paddies with a view of the surrounding emerald green mountains, Bale Udang Engking Bali in Ubud is built almost entirely of bamboo atop a large fish pond.
Bale is Indonesian for an open-air structure made of bamboo.
More Than a Restaurant
Bali-restaurants-image-of-bale-udang-ubud-at-night-photo-credit-avilla-hospitality
Bale Udang Mang Engking at night. Photo Credit: Avilla Hospitality.
With its innovative design and magnificent setting, Bale Udang Mang Engking is more than a restaurant. There are also recreational facilities, a main hall, a souvenir shop, the list goes on.
Signature Dish
Bali-restaurants-image-of-bale-udang-ubud-entre-photo-credit-avilla-hospitality
Yummy Indonesian cuisine at Bale Udang Mang Engking in Bali. Photo Credit: Avilla Hospitality.
Udang Bakar Madu, Sup Kelapa Udang, and Gurame Bumbu Cobek are among the yummy Indonesian dishes on the menu. Prawns are the signature ingredient in many of the dishes.
Bale Udang Mang Engking will offer 20% off ala carte menu items through the end of February 2014.
Where
Jl. Rya Goa Gajah, Banjar Teges Kanginan, Desa Peliatan, Ubud, Bali, Indonesia. Telephone: : +62 361 978 754. Website: Bale Udang Ubud.
Your Response Wanted!
Have you ever been to Bali? What was your most memorable experience? Would you recommend the island to others as a travel destination?
Please post your comment in the Comment Box below or on Facebook at the following link: Accidental Travel Writer on Facebook. And don't forget to LIKE us while you're there!
Travel Tips
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kacangbakar.wordpress.com
Highly recommended food in Ubud (must try!): Babi Guling Bu Oka (BBQ pig). The food and environment are experience by itself. It is not open everyday, ...
theatlasheart.com
The one place that made me reevaluate my initial perception of Bali was Ubud. Ubud is what I was expecting Bali to be: a bit more laid back, hippie, ...

Air Route to Bali

Bali is a small island among the thousands of islands in the territory of Indonesia. The total area of Bali, about 5636.66 km2 with a population of not less than 4 million people. The island is a nature blessed with white sandy beaches, mountains with natural tropical forests, and lakes are very intriguing.
Bali has a main entrance through Ngurah Rai International Airport, located in southern Bali, 13 km south of Denpasar, the capital of Bali. It is Indonesia's third-busiest international airport.

Puri Saren Agung (Water Palace) in central Ubud

Goa Gajah originates from the 9th century


Gunung Kawi, Tampaksiring


Hot springs at Tirta Empul, Tampaksiring


Rice terraces near Ubud



Puram Dalem dance performance


Legong dance performance

Inside Ubud Market


Babi Guling is a very popular dish for Balinese as well as tourists, and you can find it at most traditional markets and at roadside eateries as wel

The quite remarkable Four Seasons Hotel in the Ayung Valley, near Ubud














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