See part 2 athttp://orgspectroscopyint.blogspot.in/2016/02/haloperidol-22.html
Haloperidol /hæloʊpɛridɒl/ (INN, BAN, USAN, AAN; most common brand names: Haldol, Serenace) is an antipsychotic medication used in the treatment of schizophrenia, acute psychosis, mania, delirium, tics in Tourette syndrome, choreas, nausea and vomiting inpalliative care, intractable hiccups, agitation and severe anxiety.[3][4][5] Haloperidol is a butyrophenone derivative and functions as aninverse agonist of dopamine. It is classified as a typical antipsychotic and has pharmacological effects similar to the phenothiazines.[4]
Haloperidol /hæloʊpɛridɒl/ (INN, BAN, USAN, AAN; most common brand names: Haldol, Serenace) is an antipsychotic medication used in the treatment of schizophrenia, acute psychosis, mania, delirium, tics in Tourette syndrome, choreas, nausea and vomiting inpalliative care, intractable hiccups, agitation and severe anxiety.[3][4][5] Haloperidol is a butyrophenone derivative and functions as aninverse agonist of dopamine. It is classified as a typical antipsychotic and has pharmacological effects similar to the phenothiazines.[4]
A long-acting decanoate ester of haloperidol is used as an injection given every four weeks to people with schizophrenia or related illnesses who have poor adherence to medication regimens (most commonly due to them forgetting to take their medication, or due to poor insight into their illness) and suffer frequent relapses of illness, or to overcome the drawbacks inherent to its orally administered counterpart.[6] Such long acting injections are controversial because it can be seen as denying people their right to stop taking their medication.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[7]
Skeletal formula of haloperidol decanoate: The decanoate group is highlighted in blue.
Brief background information
Salt | ATC | Formula | MM | CAS |
---|---|---|---|---|
- | N05AD01 | C 21 H 23 ClFNO 2 | 375.87 g / mol | 52-86-8 |
Application
- neuroleptic
- antidiskinetik
- antipsychotic
- dopamine antagonists
Classes of substances
- Chloro alcohols
- p-Ftorbutirofenony 4-piperidinyl derivatives
- Piperidinol
Synthesis pathway
Trade Names
Country | Trade name | Manufacturer |
---|---|---|
Germany | Haldol-Janssen | Janssen-Cilag |
various generic drugs | ||
France | Haldol | Janssen-Cilag |
United Kingdom | - "- | - "- |
Serenak | Ivax | |
Italy | Haldol | Janssen-Cilag |
Serenas | Lusofarmaco | |
Japan | Galomont | Janssen - Dainippon Sumitomo |
Neoperidol | Janssen | |
Serenak | Dainippon Sumitomo | |
USA | various generic drugs | |
Ukraine | Haloperidol | Ltd. "Gedeon Richter", Hungary |
various generic drugs |
Formulations
- ampoules of 5 mg / 1 ml, 100 mg / ml, 50 mg / ml;
- drops of 2 mg to 20 mg / ml, 2 mg / ml, 0.5 mg / ml;
- garnuly 1%;
- Powder 1%;
- 0.2% solution, 10 mg;
- oral solution 2 mg / ml, 10 mg / ml;
- Tablets of 0.75 mg, 1 mg, 1.5 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg
Links
- Janssen, PAJ et al .: J. Med. Pharm. Chem. (JMPCAS) 1, 281 (1959).
- DE 1289845 (Janssen; appl. 18/4/1959; GB -prior. 4.22.1958).
- US 3,438,991 (Janssen; 4.15.1969; GB -prior. 18.11.1959).
1H NMR
13 C NMR
IR
MASS
Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
---|---|
4-[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-piperidyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-butan-1-one | |
Clinical data | |
Trade names | Haldol |
AHFS/Drugs.com | monograph |
MedlinePlus | a682180 |
Pregnancy cat. | C (AU) C (US) |
Legal status | Prescription Only (S4) (AU) ℞-only (CA) POM (UK) ℞-only (US) |
Routes | Oral, IM, IV, depot (asdecanoate ester) |
Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | 60-70% (Oral)[1] |
Protein binding | ~90%[1] |
Metabolism | Liver-mediated[1] |
Half-life | 14-26 hours (IV), 20.7 hours (IM), 14-37 hours (oral)[1] |
Excretion | Biliary (hence in faeces) and in urine[1][2] |
Identifiers | |
CAS number | 52-86-8 |
ATC code | N05AD01 |
PubChem | CID 3559 |
IUPHAR ligand | 86 |
DrugBank | DB00502 |
ChemSpider | 3438 |
UNII | J6292F8L3D |
KEGG | D00136 |
ChEBI | CHEBI:5613 |
ChEMBL | CHEMBL54 |
Chemical data | |
Formula | C21H23ClFNO2 |
Mol. mass | 375.9 g/mol |
History
Haloperidol was discovered by Paul Janssen.[70] It was developed in 1958 at the Belgian company Janssen Pharmaceutica and submitted to the first of clinical trials in Belgiumlater that year.[71]
Haloperidol was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on April 12, 1967; it was later marketed in the U.S. and other countries under the brand name Haldol byMcNeil Laboratories.[citation needed]
Society and culture
Coincident with civil unrest in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s, schizophrenia was racialized to match the behavior of angry/violent black men. Haldol was promoted as a way to pacify them, and was marketed to appeal to feelings of racial unease. (cf. Metzl 2010. The Protest Psychosis)
See also: Punitive psychiatry in the Soviet Union
Soviet dissidents, including medical staff, have reported several times on the use of haloperidol in the Soviet Union for punitive purposes or simply to break the prisoners' will.[72][73][74] Notable dissidents who were administered haloperidol as part of their court-ordered treatment were Sergei Kovalev and Leonid Plyushch.[75] The accounts Plyushch gave in the West, after he was allowed to leave the Soviet Union in 1976, were instrumental in triggering Western condemnation of Soviet practices at the World Psychiatric Association's 1977 meeting.[76] The use of haloperidol in the Soviet Union's psychiatric system was prevalent because it was one of the few psychotropic drugs produced in quantity in the USSR.[77]
Haloperidol has been used for its sedating effects during the deportations of immigrants by the United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). During 2002-2008, federal immigration personnel used haloperidol to sedate 356 deportees. By 2008, following court challenges over the practice, it was given to only three detainees. Following lawsuits, U.S. officials changed the procedure so the drug is administered only by the recommendation of medical personnel and under court order.[78][79]
Brand names
Haloperidol is sold under the tradenames Aloperidin, Bioperidolo, Brotopon, Dozic, Duraperidol (Germany), Einalon S, Eukystol, Haldol (common tradename in the US and UK), Halosten, Keselan, Linton, Peluces, Serenace and Sigaperidol
Veterinary use
Haloperidol is also used on many different kinds of animals. It appears to be particularly successful when given to birds, e.g., a parrot that will otherwise continuously pluck its feathers out.[80]
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- Wade, N. (1976). "Sergei Kovalev: Biologist Denied Due Process and Medical Care".Science 194 (4265): 585–7. doi:10.1126/science.194.4265.585. PMID 17818411.
- "Censuring the Soviets". TIME (CNN). 1977-09-12. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
- The Children of Pavlov, TIME, Jun. 23, 1980
- "Fewer US deportees being sedated for removal". Epilepsy.com. Associated Press. 2008-12-30. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
- Solis, Dianne (2009-01-05). "U.S. cuts back on sedating deportees with Haldol". Seattle Times. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
- "Veterinary:Avian at Lloyd Center Pharmacy".
External links
- Rx-List.com - Haloperidol
- Medline plus - Haloperidol
- Swiss scientific information on Haldol
- "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines" (PDF) (16th list (updated) ed.). World Health Organization. March 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
- U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal - Haloperidol
see part 2 at
Haloperidol
CAS Registry Number: 52-86-8
CAS Name: 4-[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-piperidinyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-butanone
Additional Names: 4-[4-(p-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidino]-4¢-fluorobutyrophenone; 4¢-fluoro-4-(4-hydroxy-4-p-chlorophenylpiperidino)butyrophenone; 1-(3-p-fluorobenzoylpropyl)-4-p-chlorophenyl-4-hydroxypiperidine
Manufacturers' Codes: R-1625
Trademarks:
Aloperidin; Bioperidolo (Firma); Brotopon (Pfizer Taito); Dozic
(Rosemont); Einalon S (Kodama); Eukystol (Merckle); Haldol (McNeil);
Halosten (Shionogi); Keselan (Sumitomo); Linton (Yoshitomi); Peluces
(Isei); Serenace (Searle); Serenase (Lusofarmaco); Sigaperidol
(Dumex)
Molecular Formula: C21H23ClFNO2
Molecular Weight: 375.86
Percent Composition: C 67.11%, H 6.17%, Cl 9.43%, F 5.05%, N 3.73%, O 8.51%
Literature References: Prepn: P. A. J. Janssen et al., J. Med. Pharm. Chem. 1, 281 (1959); P. A. J. Janssen, BE 577977 (1959), C.A. 54, 4630c (1960); idem, GB 895309; idem, US 3438991 (1962, 1969 both to Janssen). Toxicity: E. I. Goldenthal, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 18, 185 (1971); A. J. Collins, M. Horlington, Br. J. Pharmacol. 37, 140 (1969). Metabolism in man: A. Forsman et al., Curr. Ther. Res. 21, 606 (1977). Comprehensive description: C. A. Janicki, C. Y. Ko, Anal. Profiles Drug Subs. 9, 341-369 (1980). Review of pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy of decanoate in psychosis: R. Beresford, A. Ward, Drugs 33, 31-49 (1987).
Properties: Crystals, mp 148.0-149.4°. uv max (9:1 0.1M HCl:methanol): 247, 221 nm (e 13300, 15000). pKa 8.3. Soly in water: 1.4 mg/100 ml. Freely sol in chloroform, methanol, acetone, benzene, dil acids. LD50 orally in rats: 165 mg/kg (Goldenthal); i.p. in mice: 60 mg/kg (Collins, Horlington).
Melting point: mp 148.0-149.4°
pKa: pKa 8.3
Absorption maximum: uv max (9:1 0.1M HCl:methanol): 247, 221 nm (e 13300, 15000)
Toxicity data: LD50 orally in rats: 165 mg/kg (Goldenthal); i.p. in mice: 60 mg/kg (Collins, Horlington)
Derivative Type: Hydrochloride
CAS Registry Number: 1511-16-6
Molecular Formula: C21H23ClFNO2.HCl
Molecular Weight: 412.33
Percent Composition: C 61.17%, H 5.87%, Cl 17.20%, F 4.61%, N 3.40%, O 7.76%
Properties: Crystals, mp 226-227.5°. Soly in water: 300 mg/100 ml.
Melting point: mp 226-227.5°
Derivative Type: Decanoate
CAS Registry Number: 74050-97-8
Manufacturers' Codes: KD-136
Trademarks: Haldol Decanoate (Janssen); Halomonth (Dainippon); Neoperidole (Kyowa Hakko)
Molecular Formula: C31H41ClFNO3
Molecular Weight: 530.11
Percent Composition: C 70.24%, H 7.80%, Cl 6.69%, F 3.58%, N 2.64%, O 9.05%
Therap-Cat: Antidyskinetic (in Gilles de la Tourette's disease); antipsychotic.
Keywords: Antidyskinetic; Antipsychotic; Butyrophenones.
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