1H-1H COSY NMR

¹H-¹H COSY (COrrelated SpectroscopY) is a useful method for determining which signals arise from neighboring protons (usually up to four bonds). Correlations appear when there is spin-spin coupling between protons, but where there is no coupling, no correlation is expected to appear.

This method is very useful when the multiplets overlap or when is extensive second order coupling complicates the 1D spectrum.

There are many variants on the COSY pulse sequence. The most popular one in our laboratory is the gradient enhanced double quantum coherence (DQF-COSY) version. The ratio of gradient strengths is usually set to two to yield all COSY signals but may be set to three to yield only those correlations involving three protons, e.g., CH-CH₂. We use the gradient enhanced DQF-COSY pulse sequence shown in fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Pulse sequence for gradient DQF-COSY

The COSY spectrum as shown in fig. 2 for ethylbenzene (fig. 3) contains a diagonal and cross peaks (signals that are not on the diagonal and correspond to other signals on the same horizontal and vertical projections). The cross peaks indicate couplings between two mutliplets up to three, or occasionally four, bonds away. The diagonal consists of the 1D spectrum with single peaks suppressed.

The most apparent cross-peak in the spectrum is between H1' and H2' at 2.65 and 1.24 ppm. A much weaker four-bond correlation (see the figure below) appears between H1' and H2 at 2.65 and 7.20 ppm. All the desired signals are antiphase. Half the multiplet is positive and half negative. In addition, artifacts (undesired signals) appear in the spectrum as vertical streaks (interference and f₁ noise) and along the inverted 'V' (fig. 4) whose tip is on the top axis of the sepctrum. These artifacts are rarely in phase with the desired signals and appear in specific locations.

Fig. 2. 2D COSY spectrum of ethylbenzene

Fig. 3. Structure of ethylbenzene

Fig. 4. Artifacts in the COSY spectrum of ethylbenzene

For example, in 12,14-di^tbutylbenzo[g]chrysene (fig. 5), only a partial analysis of the regular ¹H-NMR spectrum is possible. COSY (fig. 6) provides extra information about the connectivity. No correlations (cross-peaks) are seen to the tbutyls because they are too many bonds away from the ring system.

Fig. 5. Structure of 12,14-di^tbutylbenzo[g]chrysene

Fig. 6. Artifacts in the COSY spectrum of ethylbenzene

The aromatic region of the spectrum (fig. 7) shows three bond correlations strongest. These can be used to determine which protons are neighbors. For example the proton at 8.17 ppm is next to the proton at 7.34 ppm, a fact that could not be easily determined from the 1D spectrum.

Fig. 7. Aromaric region of the 2D COSY spectrum of 12,14-di^tbutylbenzo[g]chrysene showing mostly three-bond correlations (a four-bond correlation between H10 and H11 is also visible)

Four-bond and five-bond correlations are apparent when plotted to lower contours (fig. 8). These separate the spectrum into four groups of protons in a manner that is much clearer than the 1D spectrum.

Fig. 8. Aromaric region of the 2D COSY spectrum of 12,14-di^tbutylbenzo[g]chrysene showing three, four and five-bond correlations

Using horizontal and vertical lines, it is possible to separate each group and follow its connectivity (fig. 9). The blue group of four protons is connected in the order 8.62 ppm to 7.55 to 7.59 to 8.56, the green group of four protons in the order 8.54 to 7.34 to 7.44 to 8.17 and the red group or two protons, that correspond to H9 and 10 because they are the only group of two protons expected to have a three-bond coupling constant (8.9 Hz), are at 7.76 and 8.32 ppm. The yellow group of two protons correspond to H11 and 13 because the coupling constant is small (1.9 Hz) and consistent with a four bond correlation.

Fig. 9. Aromaric region of the 2D COSY spectrum of 12,14-di^tbutylbenzo[g]chrysene showing connectivity and separation into four color-coded proton groups

The multiplet structures in COSY are anti-phase for active couplings which leads to different patterns that for pure phase. A pure singlet (A) will not appear in a DQF-COSY spectrum because it is purely single quantum and a double-quantum filter is applied. This is true for deuterated solvent signals and for some protiated solvents such as water. Advantage of this is often taken for solvent suppression. A simple doublet appears in anti-phase. Many other combinations exist. The more common ones are listed in the table below and a few examples are shown.

Table 1. multiplicities often seen in COSY spectra compared with their pure phase counterparts.^a

Multiplicity	Pure phase	Anti-phase
A	1	0
AX	1 1	1 -1
AX2	1 2 1	1 0 -1
AXY	1 1 1 1	1 1 -1 -1
AYX	1 1 1 1	1 -1 1 -1
AX3	1 3 3 1	1 1 -1 -1
AX2Y	1 2 1 1 2 1	1 0 -1 1 0 -1
AY2X	1 2 1 1 2 1	1 2 1 -1 -2 -1
AXY2	1 1 2 2 1 1	1 -1 2 -2 1 -1
AYX2	1 1 2 2 1 1	1 -1 0 0 1 -1
AYX2, JAY=2JAX	1 2 2 2 1	1 0 0 0 -1
AXYZ	1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1	1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1
AYXZ	1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1	1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1
AYZX	1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1	1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
AXYZ, JAX=JAY+JAZ	1 1 1 2 1 1 1	1 1 1 0 -1 -1 -1
AXYZ, JAY=JAX+JAZ	1 1 1 2 1 1 1	1 1 -1 0 1 -1 -1
AXYZ, JAZ=JAX+JAY	1 1 1 2 1 1 1	1 -1 1 0 -1 1 -1
AX6	1 6 15 20 15 6 1	1 2 1 0 -1 -2 -1

^aThe active coupling is from A to X. The coupling constant decreases from left to right, e.g., for AXYZ, J_AX > J_AY > J_AZ.

Figs. 10-13 show expansions of COSY multiplets. The red contours are negative and the black ones are positive. The 1D projections are only representations (in practice the sum of the projection is zero).

Fig. 10. Anti-phase AX correlation between doublets H9 and 10 of 12,14-di^tbutylbenzo[g]chrysene

Higher multiplicities in which all the couplings are active yield the patterns shown in table 1. For example the correlation between the CH₃ and CH₂ protons in ethylbenzene yield a 1 0 1 pattern in one direction and a 1 1 -1 – 1 pattern in the other direction (fig. 11).

Fig. 11. Anti-phase A₂X₃ correlation between the ethyl protons of ethylbenzene

When there are more than two multiplets coupled, then only one coupling is active in each cross-peak. This can be used to determine which coupling constant relates to which correlation, something that may not be obvious from the 1D spectrum. In figs. 12 and 13 for di^tbutylbenzo[g]chrysene, the active couplings are labeled. The top cross-peak between the protons at 7.34 and 8.17 ppm shows the largest active coupling of 8.1 Hz. The coupling pattern in the vertical (f₁) direction is 1 1 1 0 -1 -1 -1 and in the horizontal (f₂) direction it is 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1. The multiplet below it has the smallest active coupling of 1.4 Hz. The f₁ coupling pattern is 1 -1 1 0 -1 1 -1 and the f₂ coupling pattern is 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1. The bottom multiplet displays an active coupling of 7.0 Hz and the coupling pattern in both directions is 1 1 -1 0 1 -1 -1.

Figs. 12, 13. Comparison of three AXYZ correlations showing different active couplings (from the COSY of 12,14-di^tbutylbenzo[g]chrysene)

EXAMPLE

COSY spectra

• The information on the H that are coupling with each other is obtained by looking at the peaks inside the grid.  These peaks are usually shown in a contour type format, like height intervals on a map.
• In order to see where this information comes from, let's consider an example shown below, the COSY of ethyl 2-butenoate 
• First look at the peak marked A in the top left corner.  This peak indicates a coupling interaction between the H at 6.9 ppm and the H at 1.8 ppm.  This corresponds to the coupling of the CH₃ group and the adjacent H on the alkene.
• Similarly, the peak marked B indicates a coupling interaction between the H at 4.15 ppm and the H at 1.25 ppm.  This corresponds to the coupling of the CH₂ and the CH₃ in the ethyl group.
• Notice that there are a second set of equivalent peaks, also marked A and Bon the other side of the diagonal.

The (H,H) COSY experiment establishes the connectivity of a molecule by giving cross peaks (these are the off diagnonal peaks) for pairs of protons that are in close proximity. For the example of Glutamic acid below, we obtain cross peaks for the proton pairs (2,3) and (3,4). We do not observe a crosspeak for the pair (2,4), because these protons are not directly adjacent.

A relayed COSY experiment goes one step beyond a COSY experiment by showing cross peaks not just for pairs of adjacent protons, but for triples as well. As a result, we observe additional cross peaks like the one for the pair 2,4 in Glutamic acid below. Relayed COSY experiments can give cross peaks for protons that are too distant to show coupling in the 1D NMR spectrum.500 MHz H-relayed (H,H) COSY Spectrum of Glutamic acid. 1-D spectra left and top. 10 mg of compound in 0.5 mL of D₂O, 5 mm sample tube, 256 spectra, digital resolution of 2.639 Hz/data point. Total measurement time ca. 3h.

500 MHz H-relayed (H,H) COSY Spectrum of Glutamic acid. 1-D spectra left and top. 10 mg of compound in 0.5 mL of D₂O, 5 mm sample tube, 256 spectra, digital resolution of 2.639 Hz/data point. Total measurement time ca. 3h.

With present hardware and pulse sequences, it is possible to repeat the relay step up to three times. This allows the correlation of of protons that are separated by up to six bonds (d-protons). The relaying nucleus is typically ¹H, but high abundance I =1/2 hetero-elements like ³¹P or ¹⁹F can be used as well.

Strychnine 2D NMR Spectra

The poison strychnine is a molecule that is often used as a standard to test advanced 2D NMR experiments.

Strychnine

An unpleasant molecule that offers interesting 2D NMR spectra

The 1D NMR spectra of strychnine are relatively complicated with several areas of overlapping signals; spectra of this type often benefit from spreading these overlapping signals into a second dimension.

HH COSY

The small and simple molecule, trans-ethyl crotonate is often used to illustrate 2D NMR spectroscopic experiments. 

Ethyl crotonate

A simple molecule often used to illustrate and test NMR experiments.

The molecule was chosen for its simplicity so that the elegance of the NMR spectra might be demonstrated.

The HH COSY shows the coupling network within the molecule: the triplet and quartet of the ethyl group share a cross-peak; the alkene protons can be seen to couple to both each other and the terminal methyl group.

The HH COSY shows the coupling network within the molecule: the triplet and quartet of the ethyl group share a cross-peak; the alkene protons can be seen to couple to both each other and the terminal methyl group.

HH COSY

Ethyl acetoacetate 乙酰乙酸乙酯 teaches you Organic spectroscopy... brush up?????

Ethyl 3-oxobutanoate
Acetoacetic acid ethyl ester
Ethyl acetylacetate
3-Oxobutanoic acid ethyl ester

Ethyl acetoacetate is produced industrially by treatment of diketene with ethanol.

The preparation of ethyl acetoacetate is a classic laboratory procedure.^[2] It is prepared via the Claisen condensation of ethyl acetate. Two moles of ethyl acetate condense to form one mole each of ethyl acetoacetate and ethanol.

Structure: 

IUPAC Name: ethyl 3-oxobutanoate (ethyl acetoacetate)

Analysis: C₆H₁₀O₃: MW = 130.14


The molecule contains an oxygen, and from the analysis, contains two double bonds, carbonyls or rings.
The mass spectrum displays a molecular ion and the base peak represents the formation of the acylium ion, indicating the presence of a methyl adjacent to a carbonyl. The presence of an m-45 peak strongly suggests the presence of an ethoxy group.
The ¹³C spectrum contains six peaks, indicating that all carbons are unique. The quartets at  14 and 24 represent relatively simple methyl groups; the triplets at  59 and 47 represent a CH₂ groups bonded to mildly electronegative groups; the singlets at  207 and 172 are in the carbonyl region, and most likely a ketone or aldehyde ( 207) and an ester ( 172).
The proton NMR shows evidence for an ethyl group and isolated CH₂ and CH₃ groups. The methylene of the ethyl group must be next to an electronegative atom (most likely oxygen) suggesting an -OCH₂CH₃ group. The isolated CH₂ must also be flanked by mildly electronegative groups, and the isolated CH₃ is in the region often observed for methyls adjacent to carbonyls.
The IR is consistent with a simple saturated hydrocarbon, possibly containing two carbonyls (based on the side peak at  1670 cm^-1). The minor peak at 3400 cm^-1 is too small to be an -OH.
The simplest structure which is consistent with all of these data would be a dicarbonyl compound containing an ethoxy residue and a methyl ketone (based on the presence of the acylium ion in the MS).
......................

1H NMR

The proton NMR has a quartet coupled to a triplet, indicative of an ethyl group. The CH₂ must be adjacent to an electron withdrawing group since it is shifted to  4.1. The two singlets at  2.2 and 3.2 suggest isolated CH₂ and CH₃ groups and the CH₂ must be adjacent to one or more electronegative groups.




................................................................
13C NMR
¹³C NMR Assignments: 
¹³C NMR Data: q-13.6; q-24.2; t-59.2; t-46.6; s-172.0; s-207.1 
The ¹³C spectrum contains six peaks, indicating that all carbons are unique. The quartets at  14 and 24 represent relatively simple methyl groups; the triplets at  59 and 47 represent a CH₂ groups bonded to mildly electronegative groups; the singlets at  207 and 172 are in the carbonyl region, and most likely a ketone or aldehyde ( 207) and an ester ( 172).

ethyl acetoacetate CH3COCH2COOCH2CH3

................................

MASS SPECTROSCOPY




Mass Spectrum Fragments: 
The mass spectrum consists of a molecular ion at 130, an m-15 peak at 115, which is consistent with loss of a CH₃ group, an m-43 peak (loss of acylium), an m-45 peak (loss of CH₃CH₂O-), and a base peak at m-43(m/e = 43) which suggests the formation of an acylium ion (CH₃-CO). The spectrum is consistent with a molecule which can lose methyl or ethoxy radicals, or can undergo fragmentation to form the acylium radical cation.


...............................

IR

3400-3200 cm^-1: no OH peak (too small) 3100 cm^-1: no significant peak, suggesting no unsaturated CH 2900 cm^-1: strong peak suggesting saturated CH 2200 cm^-1: no unsymmetrical triple bonds 1710 cm^-1: strong carbonyl with a second peak at 1670 cm^-1, suggesting a the possibility of two carbonyls 1600 cm^-1: no significant peaks, suggesting no carbon-carbon double bonds









2D [1H,1H]-TOCSY




1D DEPT135





2D [1H,13C]-HSQC



2D [1H,13C]-HMBC





2D [1H,1H]-COSY


2D [1H,13C]-HMQC

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