(1R,2S-cis)-2-Hydroxycyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester

(1R,2S-cis)-2-Hydroxycyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester

Name	(1R,2S-cis)-2-Hydroxycyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester
Synonyms	(1R,2S)-2-Hydroxycyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester
Name in Chemical Abstracts	Cyclopentanecarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, ethyl ester, (1R,2S)-
CAS No	61586-79-6
EINECS No
Molecular formula	C8H14O3
Molecular mass	158.20
SMILES code	O[C@@H]1CCC[C@@H]1C(=O)OCC

1H-NMR

1H-NMR: (1R,2S-cis)-2-Hydroxycyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester
500 MHz, CDCl3
delta [ppm]	mult.	atoms	assignment
1.19	t	3 H	CH3 (ethyl ester)
1.5-2.0	m	6 H	CH2 ring
2.54-2.65	m	1 H	1-C-H (CH-COO-)
3.2	broad s	1 H	OH
4.08	q	2 H	CH2 (ethyl ester)
4.34	m	1 H	2-C-H (CHOH)

13C-NMR

13C-NMR: (1R,2S-cis)-2-Hydroxycyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester
125.8 MHz, CDCl3
delta [ppm]	assignment
14.0	CH3 (ethyl ester)
21.8	C4
26.1	C5
33.9	C3
49.5	C1
60.4	CH2 (ethyl ester)
73.6	C2
174.6	C(=O)O-
76.5-77.5	CDCl3

IR

IR: (1R,2S-cis)-2-Hydroxycyclopentanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester
[Film, T%, cm-1]
[cm-1]	assignment
3480	O-H valence
2973, 2877	aliph. C-H valence
1736	C=O valence, ester

yeast

Enantioselective synthesis of (1R,2S)-cis-hydroxycyclopentane-carboxylic acid ethyl ester

Reaction type:	reduction, stereoselective reduction
Substance classes:	carboxylic acid ester, ketone, alcohol, enzyme, natural product
Techniques:	stirring with magnetic stir bar, adding dropwise with an addition funnel, working with a thermostat, filtering, evaporating with rotary evaporator, extracting, perforating, rectifying, use of a distillation column, distilling under reduced pressure, heating with oil bath, stirring with a propeller stirrer

Instruction (batch scale 100 mmol) Equipment 10 L beaker, addition funnel, stirring motor with propeller stirrer, thermostat, rotary evaporator, heatable magnetic stirrer, magnetic stir bar, distillation apparatus, 10 cm packed column, suction flask, Buechner funnel (Ø 26 cm), apparatus for continuous extraction of liquids, oil bath Substances fresh yeast (baker's yeast) 780 g cyclopentanone-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (purity> 95%) 15.6 g (100 mmol) (bp 109 °C/20 hPa; product from NOP 4023) water (boiled) 5 L diethyl ether (bp 35 °C) 1 L Celite 545 (filter help) sodium sulfate for drying Reaction 780 g fresh yeast are suspended under slowly stirring and in portions in a 10 L beaker in 5 L cold boiled water and brought to a temperature of 30 °C. After the complete suspension of the yeast, 15.6 g (100 mmol) cyclopentanone-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester are added dropwise with an addition funnel within 30 minutes. The beaker is covered with aluminium foil and the reaction mixture is slowly stirred at 30 °C for two days. Work up To the reaction solution 200 g Celite are added and the mixture is stirred for one hour. A Buechner funnel (Ø 26 cm) is charged with a 2 cm layer of moisted Celite and the solution is filtered through the moisted filter medium into a suction flask. If a smaller Buechner funnel is used, the mixture has to be filtered in several portions with a fresh filter medium for each filtration. The filtrate is extracted in an apparatus for continuous extraction of liquids with 1 L diethyl ether. After about 20 hours the extraction is completed. The extract is dried over sodium sulfate, the drying agent is filtered off and the solvent is evaporated at a rotary evaporator. The residue is distilled under reduced pressure (about 20 hPa) over a 10 cm packed column. 1. fraction 50-90 °C: fore-run 2. fraction 94-112 °C: product Further fractions are not obtained. The product fraction is again distilled under reduced pressure over the same column. A uniform fraction is obtained at 110 °C (15 hPa). Yield: 8.69 g (55.3 mmol, 55%); nD 20 = 1.4578, optical rotation: +15.1° (c = 1, CHCl3)
http://www.oc-praktikum.de/nop/en/instructions/pdf/4024_en.pdf
Comments If not fermenting yeast suspensions are used, the batch can possibly be fungous. The filtered solution can not be stored for long and should therefore be immediately extracted. Therefore the used water must be boiled before. During reaction, all reaction containers should be as completely as possible covered. During the extraction, the volume of the aqueous phase increases by 5-7%! To secure a continuous extraction, an appropriate reserve volume must be available in the extraction apparatus.
Waste management Recycling The evaporated diethyl ether is collected and redistilled. Waste disposal Waste Disposal filter residue with Celite solid waste, free from mercury, aqueous phase from extraction solvent water mixtures, halogen free fore-run from distillation organic solvents, halogen free distillation residue organic solvents, halogen free sodium sulfate solid waste, free from mercury Time Preparation of reaction solution: 1 hour Stirring: two days Work up: 5 hours

Simple evaluation indices

Batch scale:

0.01 mol

0.1 mol

Cyclopentanone-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester

Atom economy		not defined
Yield		55	%
Target product mass		8.69	g
Sum of input masses		6600	g
Mass efficiency		1.3	mg/g
Mass index		760	g input / g product
E factor		760	g waste / g product

Equipment

Batch scale:

0.01 mol

0.1 mol

Cyclopentanone-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester

	beaker 10 L			addition funnel with pressure balance
	stirring motor and propeller stirrer			thermostat with heating coil
	rotary evaporator			heatable magnetic stirrer with magnetic stir bar
	distillation apparatus			packed column 10 cm
	suction flask			suction filter
	apparatus for continuous extraction of a liquid			oil bath

Operating scheme

Chromatogram

GC: crude product
column	DB-1, L=28 m, d=0.32 mm, film=0.25 µm
inlet	on column injection
carrier gas	H2, 40 cm/s
oven	100°C
detector	FID, 270°C
integration	percent concentration calculated from relative peak area

GC: pure product
column	DB-1, L=28 m, d=0.32 mm, film=0.25 µm
inlet	on column injection
carrier gas	H2, 40 cm/s
oven	100°C
detector	FID, 270°C
integration	percent concentration calculated from relative peak area

Top 10 things to do in Myanmar

There's no place quite like Myanmar. Skyscanner brings you the Top 10 things to do at this undiscovered holiday destination.

 

Looking for something different? Finally opening up after decades of isolation,Myanmar is perhaps the last frontier of Southeast Asian travel. This fascinating, beautiful country is not yet on most travellers' radar, so visit it before everyone else does!
1. Visit the Shwedagon Pagoda
One the biggest religious monuments in the world, the glittering Shwedagon Pagoda has to be seen to be believed. Built some 2500 years ago to enshrine holy relics of the Buddha, the entire complex is one giant testament to the country's religious faith. Visit at twilight, for extraordinarily atmospheric photos of monks mediating among the golden spires and statues, and marvel at the scale and grandeur of the central stupa. Done with temples for the day? Head out to explore the revitalized and vibrant city of Yangon.
 

Come during the day, and stay till late at the Shwedagon Pagoda

2. Ride a hot-air balloon over Bagan
The rulers of Myanmar's first kingdom showed their might through architecture, in a construction orgy that left behind thousands of temples, pagodas and monasteries scattered over a vast semi-desert plain. This is Myanmar's answer to Cambodia's Angkor Wat, though its spread-out scale means that it's far less crowded. Ride a hot-air balloon to get an unparalleled aerial view, and then rent an electric bike to explore the dusty plains, catch the sunset on top of a pagoda, and perhaps discover your very own deserted temple.

Ride a hot-air balloon for a bird's-eye view of Bagan

3. Explore the beautiful Inle Lake 
One of Myanmar's top tourist destinations, Inle Lake is a gorgeous freshwater lake surrounded by hills and populated by various tribes and wildlife. With its stunningly serene waters, Inle is a picturesque world of floating vegetable gardens, stilt-house villages and rotating markets located among reed-lined canals. Visit the craft workshops of artisan silver, handmade cigars, and extraordinary lotus silk, and see the iconic Intha fishermen as they row their boats with a unique leg-rowing technique. Above all, slow down, chill out, and enjoy the tranquillity.

Dawn at Inle Lake: a fisherman rows his boat and casts his net

4. Experience the culture of Mandalay 
Steeped in history as the royal capital of Myanmar's golden age, Mandalay is justifiably proud of its cultural heritage. See the walled city of the reconstructed Royal Palace, visit legendary pagodas along the path to Mandalay Hill, and experience the amazing early-morning ritual of washing Buddha's face at the famed Mahamuni Pagoda. Catch performances of puppet shows and classical dance, and shop for antiques and souvenirs in a city well-known for exquisite arts and crafts.
5. Chill out on Ngapali Beach
If you're done with pagodas and temples for a while, head to the gorgeous Ngapali Beach. Here you'll find a stunningly beautiful beach with full-service resorts offering every modern comfort. Spend lazy days sipping fresh coconut juice and lounging on pristine white sands. Need a bit more activity? Other attractions include horseriding or bicycle tours to the nearby fishing villages. For a more local and less expensive experience, check out nearby Ngwe Shaung Beach and Chaungtha Beach.
6. Hike up the pilgrimage path to the Golden Rock 
Perched precariously at the edge of a cliff, the gravity-defying Kyaiktiyo, or Golden Rock, is perhaps the third most important pilgrimage site after the Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon and the Mahamuni Pagoda in Mandalay. Nestled in the hills, the mysterious rock offers some stunning photo opportunities, especially at sunset. Watch devotees as they chant sutras and burn incense, or wander the colourful market town for souvenirs and snacks. While most people take the truck up, there's a shaded pilgrimage path that makes for a delightful day-hike, passing through pleasant villages on the way up.

Pilgrims praying and pasting gold leaf on the Golden Rock

7. Cross the U Bein Bridge at sunset
Looking for an iconic photo op? It doesn't get any better than this. Less than an hour outside Mandalay lies the famous U Bein Bridge, arguably the oldest and longest teakwood bridge in the world. Famed for its sunsets, the bridge and its surrounding scenery is a much-photographed sight. A pleasant afternoon can be spent on a boat ride across the serene lake, or in the bustle of the crowd, watching the world go by. Combine this with day trips to the nearby former royal capitals of Amapura, Inwa and Sagaing, where fortress ruins, rustic villages, and ancient pagodas await.

Sunset on the lake, with a view of U Bein Bridge

8. Escape the heat at Pyin Oo Lwin 
During colonial times, the British moved their administrative centre here for good reason - at approximately 1000m above sea level, this pleasant hill station is a welcome respite from the arid heat of the summer season. Explore the beautiful and extensive grounds of the Botanic Gardens, and swim in the clear blue-green waters of the Anisakhan Falls. Just an hour's drive from Mandalay, Pyin Oo Lwin is also famous for its coffee, strawberries and flowers. And for a souvenir, do bring back a bottle of locally-made damson plum wine.
9. Explore the islands of the Mergui Archipelago 
Hundreds of pristine, unexplored and uninhabited islands make the Mergui Archipelago one of the world's last hidden tourist destinations. Located in southern Myanmar in the Andaman Sea, the islands were recently opened for tourism, and as of this post, there is only one resort development. Some tour companies offer safari trips or live-aboards, with facilities for diving, snorkelling or just exploring this isolated natural paradise. Get there before it gets developed - perhaps you'll find your own private island. And don't forget to bring along some cold Myanmar Beer!

Exploring one of the many islands in the remote Mergui Archipelago

10. Experience the exuberance of Thingyan 
The Water Festival, or Thingyan, takes place in mid-April and is probably the most exciting event in Myanmar. Similar to Songkran in Thailand, it marks the start of the New Year with the practice of throwing water for purification. While a time of retreat and prayer for some, for most it becomes a wild celebration where all hang loose. Especially in the cities, Thingyan is a crazy combination of street party, rock festival, and obstacle course as you try to splash others while avoiding getting splashed. Join the crowd, and forget about staying dry. Bring on the water guns!

  DRUG APPROVALS BY DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO .....FOR BLOG HOME CLICK HERE

Join me on Linkedin

Join me on Facebook FACEBOOK

Join me on twitter

Join me on google plus Googleplus

 amcrasto@gmail.com

////////

11-Chloro-1-undecene

11-Chloro-1-undecene

Name	11-Chloro-1-undecene
Synonyms
Name in Chemical Abstracts	1-Undecene, 11-chloro-
CAS No	872-17-3
EINECS No
Molecular formula	C11H21Cl
Molecular mass	188.74
SMILES code	ClCCCCCCCCCC=C

SOCl2

+

+

1H-NMR

1H-NMR: crude product
300 MHz, CDCl3
delta [ppm]	mult.	atoms	assignment
1.1-1.5	m	12 H	CH2
1.75	tt	2 H	2-H
2.02	dt	2 H	9-H
3.51	t	2 H	1-H
4.95	2xdd	2 H	11-H
5.80	m	1 H	10-H

1H-NMR: 11-Chloro-1-undecene
300 MHz, CDCl3
delta [ppm]	mult.	atoms	assignment
1.1-1.5	m	12 H	CH2
1.75	tt	2 H	2-H
2.02	dt	2 H	9-H
3.51	t	2 H	1-H
4.95	2xdd	2 H	11-H
5.80	m	1 H	10-H

13C-NMR

13C-NMR: crude product
75.5 MHz, CDCl3
delta [ppm]	assignment
32.7	C2
33.9	C9
45.0	C1
114.1	C11
139.1	C10
76.5-77.5	CDCl3

13C-NMR: 11-Chloro-1-undecene
75.5 MHz, CDCl3
delta [ppm]	assignment
32.7	C2
33.9	C9
45.0	C1
114.1	C11
139.1	C10
76.5-77.5	CDCl3

IR

IR: 11-Chloro-1-undecene
[Film, T%, cm-1]
[cm-1]	assignment
3077	aliph. C-H valence, H2C=C
2927, 2855	aliph. C-H valence
993, 910	deform. C-H, H2C=C
723	C-Cl valence

Operating scheme

Chromatogram

GC: crude product
column	DB-WAX, L=30 m, d=0.33 mm, film=0.25 µm
inlet	on column injection, 0.2 µL
carrier gas	H2, 40 cm/s
oven	90°C (5 min), 10°C/min --> 240°C (30 min)
detector	FID, 270°C
integration	percent concentration calculated from relative peak area

GC: pure product
column	DB-WAX, L=30 m, d=0.33 mm, film=0.25 µm
inlet	on column injection, 0.2 µL
carrier gas	H2, 40 cm/s
oven	90°C (5 min), 10°C/min --> 240°C (30 min)
detector	FID, 270°C
integration	percent concentration calculated from relative peak area

8 must-see places in Southeast Asia for great views: bucket list 2015

Southeast Asia is more than food and culture; here are 8 eye-candy places with magnificent views for a highly memorable trip!

Not just a melting pot of cultures, religions, history and food, Southeast Asia offers many picturesque spots that your eyes will thank you for. Whether it's enjoying a sunset from a mountain top or just taking in the bucolic sights of Mother Nature's hand-sculpted terrains, you'll attest that these 8 suggestions offer some pretty unique charms that take your breath away.

1. Inle Lake, Myanmar

Myanmar has become a hotspot for the intrepid traveller and opens up plenty of opportunities to lap up many of its natural scenic wonders. If you're heading there, a must-see place is Inle Lake renowned for its vast body of water where one can spot fishing communities and homes built on stilts.
Not only is the lake famous for its photogenic quality, you can hire guides to visit fish farms and shop at handicraft stores. Inle Lake's picturesque charm comes from watching leg-rowing fisherman haul their catch during sunset. Find cheap flights to the capital Naypyidaw and best time to travel there is between November and February.
Read more: Top 10 things to do in Myanmar

Be mesmerised by the scenic Inle Lake in Myanmar

2. Tiger's Nest Monastery, Bhutan

Perched some 3,000 metres above sea level and build in 1692, Bhutan's Taktsang monastery, or more popularly known as Tiger's Nest, is a must-see when you come to this nation steeped in Buddhist history. Getting there is not for the faint-hearted as one has to traipse through a hilly, rocky and undulating path to reach the peak.
Do hire guides to reach the apex successfully, and you'll be rewarded by 360-views of sylvan mountain tops. Spring time from March to May is the best time to visit Bhutan and Drukair Royal Airlines of Bhutan flies theredirect.
Read more: 5 tips on tipping when travelling in Southeast Asia

Take in the lofty, airy views of Tiger's Nest in Bhutan

3. Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

Recognised as one of the tallest peaks in Southeast Asia, Mount Kinabalu is a trekker's dream come true. Getting to the summit takes about two days to accomplish. There is a 4-km climb to Laban Rata lodge where you can rest and replenish on sustenance. The next day is a 2-km climb to Low's Peak.
The trek may be arduous but with lush rainforest terrain, there's always something new at every corner to keep you distracted. About a kilometer away from the peak, the terrain changes to rock, stone and pebbles complemented by vegetation normally found in cooler climes. To catch the sunrise on the second day, it's advisable to depart at 2am but remember to bring extra clothing as the mercury will drop to 2 degrees Celsius.
Read more: 5 fun extreme sports in Singapore for the adventure seekers

The scenic misty peaks of Mt. Kinabalu also offer spots for picturesque photos

4. Palawan Island, Luzon, Philippines

Recently coined by Huffington Post as "The Most Beautiful Island In the World" while Conde Nast Traveler'sReader Choice Awards named it "The Top Island in the World", Palawan island is quite the magnificent sight. With its beautiful azure waters infused with emerald hues, it's also hard to refute such claims.
Dotting the waters are jungled-filled islands, each with a distinctive hill rising above the ocean. Just by half-hour domestic flight from Manila airport, once you soar above Palawan's oceanic landscape, you'll feel like you've reached Shangri-la. Whether it's island-hopping or sea kayaking, fun-filled times are never in short supply.
Read more: 12 best beaches in Asia Pacific

The beaches of Palawan have powdery white sand!

5. Penang National Park, Malaysia

Penang is truly a foodie paradise but many people are flocking there for other reasons, one being its attractive natural environment. Located just west of mainland Malaysia, a flight from Singapore is slightly over an hour.
With plenty of diverse lifestyle choices and entertainment options, Penang also has its idyllic charms. Aside from its UNESCO-designated George Town, the Penang National Park located on the North-Western side of the island rewards one with rich rainforests, a diverse ecosystem and some 1,381 hectares of wetlands to indulge trekking fanatics and eco-photographers.
Read more: Best cruises from Singapore

Unique flora and fauna found at Penang National Park makes for picture perfect memories too

6. Tanah Lot Temple, Bali, Indonesia

Bali is never in short supply of mysticism and wonder. A two-hour flight out of Singapore is all it takes to enjoy a short vacation. And of course, visiting its picturesque sea temple on the west coast of Bali, Tanah Lot, promises many Kodak moments. A simple traipse during low-tide rewards a sight to behold too – a Hindu shrine ensconced among lush trees perched on a rock is postcard-worthy from any angle. Framed by crashing waves, Tanah Lot Temple brims with a dab of fable and mysticism that makes it a must-see when visiting Bali!
Read more: Top 5 places to go diving in Southeast Asia

Tanah Lot in Bali offers scenic views of splendid structures amidst crashing waves

7. Angkor Wat, Siem Reap, Cambodia

Angkor Wat became even more famous, thanks to the Tomb Raider movie starring Angelina Jolie. Founded in the 12th Century, it is also the 7th Wonder of the World. This Khmer temple's architecture will seize the gaze of any first-time visitor. At the centre of this city, within a moat, is a towering stupa that provides sylvan views of its 3.6km, vine-covered outer wall. Just 5.5km north of Siem Reap, the Angkor Archaeological Park is a must-see for travellers with a penchant for history and artefacts.
Read more: Top 10 most romantic places in Asia (part 2)

Angkor Wat's lush views are both captivating and mysterious

8. Halong Bay, Hanoi, Vietnam

Halong Bay, which means "Bay of Descending Dragons", is a unique karst topography carved out by Mother Nature. The UNESCO World Heritage site offers views of vertical formations which are rich in dense vegetation. A boat cruise meandering through any of the 1,969 islets is both tranquil and insightful. Avoid the monsoons from June to September and from January to March, but visit the high seasons to enjoy sunny skies that won’t put a damper on your exploration plans of the natural outlying islets. After a three-hour fight to Hanoi from Singapore, take a five-hour road trip via mini bus to the port; it costs around USD 6 (SGD 7.50) and can be arranged upon arrival.
Read more: Top 10 most romantic places in Asia (part 1)

Halong Bay in Vietnam promises oceanic vistas

All these places will astound you in a multi-sensory way. Whichever activity you decide to experience at these destinations, you'll agree that many good memories await.

  DRUG APPROVALS BY DR ANTHONY MELVIN CRASTO .....FOR BLOG HOME CLICK HERE

Join me on Linkedin

Join me on Facebook FACEBOOK

Join me on twitter

Join me on google plus Googleplus

 amcrasto@gmail.com

///////////