GATIFLOXACIN

GATIFLOXACIN

BMS-206584, CG-5501, AM-1155, Zymar, Bonoq, Gatiflo, AM-1155

(±)-1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-7-(3-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid

Gatifloxacin sold under the brand names Gatiflo, Tequin and Zymar, is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolonefamily,^[1] that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial enzymes DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Bristol-Myers Squibb introduced Gatifloxacin in 1999 under the proprietary name Tequin for the treatment of respiratory tract infections, having licensed the medication from Kyorin Pharmaceutical Company of Japan. Allergan produces it in eye-drop formulation under the names Zymar and Zymaxid. In many countries, gatifloxacin is also available as tablets and in various aqueous solutions forintravenous therapy.

Originally developed at Kyorin, gatifloxacin was first licensed to Gruenenthal in Europe, and that company still maintains rights to the oral and injectable formulations of the product. In October 1996, Kyorin licensed gatifloxacin to BMS, granting the company development and marketing rights in the U.S., Canada, Australia, Mexico, Brazil and certain other markets. In 2006, rights to the compound were returned by BMS. Subsequently, Senju and Kyorin signed a licensing agreement regarding the development of ethical eye drops containing the fluoroquinolone. In April 2000, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma agreed to comarket the oral formulation in Japan. In August of that year, Allergan in-licensed gatifloxacin from Kyorin, gaining development and commercialization rights to the drug in all territories except Japan, Korea, China and Taiwan. The India-based Lupin Pharmaceuticals signed an agreement in June 2004 with Allergan to promote the ophthalmic solution of gatifloxacin in the pediatric specialty area in the U.S. PediaMed Pharmaceuticals also holds rights to the drug. In 2009, Kyorin licensed the drug candidate to Senju in China.

Gatifloxacin is the common name for (±)-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-7-(3-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (1), one of the most important broad-spectrum antibacterial agents and a member of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family.(1)Fluoroquinolones inhibit the enzyme DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II), which is responsible for the supercoiling of the DNA double helix, preventing the replication and repair of bacterial DNA and RNA.(2) Gatifloxacin (1) reached the market in 1999 under the brand name Tequin for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. The drug is available as tablets and aqueous solutions for intravenous therapy as well as eye drop formulation (Zymar).

To date, there are several processes described for the preparation of gatifloxacin, which can be grouped into two main categories: direct substitution of the 7-position fluorine atom of 1-cyclopropyl-6,7-difluoro-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (2) by 2-methylpiperazine (Scheme 1),(3-5) and through boron chelate-type intermediates to overcome the diminished reactivity induced by the 8-methoxy group, which uses as starting material the ethyl ester derivative 3 (Scheme 2).(6-9)

SCHEME1

SCHEME2

1. 1.
   Mather, R.; Karenchak, L. M.; Romanowski, E. G.; Kowalski, R. P. Am. J. Ophthalmol.2002, 133 ( 4) 463
2. 2.
   Corey, E. J.; Czakó, B.; Kürti, L. Molecules and Medicine; Wiley: NJ, 2007; p 135.
3. 3.
   Masuzawa, K.; Suzue, S.; Hirai, K.; Ishizaki, T. 8-Alkoxyquinolonecarboxylic acid and salts thereof excellent in the selective toxicity and process of preparing the same EP 0 230 295 A3, 1987.
4. 4.
   Niddam-Hildesheim, V.; Dolitzky, B.-Z.; Pilarsky, G.; Steribaum, G. Synthesis of Gatifloxacin WO 2004/069825 A1, 2004.
5. 5.
   Ruzic, M; Relic, M; Tomsic, Z; Mirtek, M. Process for the preparation of Gatifloxacin and regeneration of degradation products WO 2006/004561 A1, 2006.
6. 6.
   Iwata, M.; Kimura, T.; Fujiwara, Y.; Katsube, T. Quinoline-3-carboxylic acid derivatives, their preparation and use EP 0 241 206 A2, 1987.
7. 7.
   Sanchez, J. P.; Gogliotti, R. D.; Domagala, J. M.; Garcheck, S. J.; Huband, M. D.; Sesnie,J. A.; Cohen, M. A.; Shapiro, M. A. J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 4478
8. 8.
   Satyanarayana, C.; Ramanjaneyulu, G. S.; Kumar, I. V. S. Novel crystalline forms of Gatifloxacin WO 2005/009970 A1 2005.
9. 9.
   Takagi, N.; Fubasami, H.; Matsukobo, H.; (6,7-Substituted-8-alkoxy-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid-O3,O4)bis(acyloxy-O)borates and the salts thereof, and methods for their manufacture EP 0 464 823 A1, 1991.

………………………….
WO 2005009970
http://www.google.com/patents/WO2005009970A1?cl=en
preparation of Gatifloxacin hemihydrate from Ethyl-1- Cyclopropyl-6, 7-difluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-l, 4-dihydro-3-quinoline carboxylate through boron difluoride chelate. Ethyl-1-cyclopropyl- 6, 7-difluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-l, 4-dihydro-3-quinoline carboxylate is reacted with aqueous hydrofluoroboric acid followed by condensation with 2-methyl piperazine in polar organic solvent resulting in an intermediate l-Cyclopropyl-7- (3-methyl piperazin-1- yl). -6-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-l, 4-dihydro-3-quinoline carboxylic acid boron difluoride chelate. This intermediate may be further hydrolyzed to yield Gatifloxacin. Gatifloxacin so obtained may needs purification to yield high purity product. However to obtain directly high purity Gatifloxacin it is desirable to isolate the intermediate by cooling to low temperatures . Treating with an alcohol or mixture of alcohols purifies this intermediate. The purified condensed chelate in aqueous ethanol on hydrolysis with triethylamine followed by crystallization in ethanol gives Gatifloxacin hemihydrate with high purity.
STAGE – I:

Ethyl l-cyclopropyl-6,7-difluoro-8-met oxy l-Cycloproρyl-6, 7-difluoro-8-methoxy -4-oxo-l, -dihydro-3-quinoline -4-oxo-l, 4-dihydro-3-quinoline carboxylate carboxylic acid boron difluoride chelate
STAGE – II :

l-Cycloprop l-7- ( 3-methylpiperazin-l-yl.

6-fluoro~8-methoxy-4-oxo-l , 4-dihydro-3- carboxylicacid borondifluoride chelate quinoline carboxylicacid borondifluoride chelate
STAGE -III :

l-Cyclopropyl-7- (3- ethylpiperaz.in-l-yl . GATIFLOXACIN
-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-l , 4-dihydro-3- quinoline carboxylicacid borondifluoride chelate
Example-I: Preparation of Gatifloxacin • with isolation of intermediate (boron difluoride chelate derivative)
Stage-1: Preparation of l-cyclopropyl-6, 7-di luoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo- 1, 4-dihydro-3-quinoline carboxylic acid boron difluoride chelate. Ethyl-l-cyclopropyl-6, 7-difluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-l, -dihydro-3- quinόline carboxylate (100g)is suspended in ,40%aq..hydrofluoroboric acid -(1000 ml). Temperature of • the reaction mass is raised and maintained at 95°C to 100°C for 5hrs followed by cooling to 30°C – 35°C. Water (400 ml) is added and maintained at 25°C – 30°C for 2hrs . Product is filtered, washed with water (500 ml) and dried at 40°C – 45°C to constant weight. Dry weight of the product: 101.6 g (Yield: 95.8 %)
Stage-2: Preparation of 1- Cyclopropyl-7- (3-methylpiperazin-l-yl) – 6-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-l, -dihydro-3-quinoline carboxylic acid boron difluoride chelate
100 g of Boron difluoride chelate derivative prepared as above in stage-1 is suspended in acetonitrile (800 ml) , to that 2-methyl piperazine (44.0 g, 1.5 mole equiv.) is added and mixed for 15 min to obtain a clear solution. The reaction mass is maintained at 30°C – 35°C for 12 hrs followed by cooling to -10°C to -5°C. The reaction mass is maintained at -10°C to -5°C for 1 hr. The product is filtered and dried at 45°C – 50°C to constant weight. Dry weight of the product: 116.0 g (Yield: 93.9 %) .
The condensed chelate (100 g) prepared as above is suspended in methanol (1500 ml), maintained at 40°C – 45°C for 30 min. The reaction mass is gradually cooled, maintained for 1 hr at -5°C to 0°C. The product is filtered, washed with methanol (50 ml) and dried at 45°C – 50°C to constant weight. Dry weight of the product: 80.0 g (Yield: 80.0 %)
Stage -3: Preparation of Gatifloxacin (Crude)
The pure condensed chelate (100.0 g) prepared as above in stage-2 is suspended in 20% aq. ethanol (1000 ml) , the temperature is raised and maintained at 75°C to 80°C for 2 hrs. The reaction mass is cooled, filtered to remove insolubles, distilled under vacuum to remove solvent. Fresh ethanol (200 ml) is added and solvent is removed under vacuum at temperature below 50°C. Ethanol (200 ml) is added to the residue and gradually cooled to -10°C to -5°C. The reaction mass is mixed at -10°C to -5°C for 1 hr and then filtered. The wet cake is washed with ethanol (25 ml) and dried at 45°C – 50°C to constant weight.
The dry weight of the Gatifloxacin is 83.3 g (Yield: 91.7 %)
Stage- 4: Purification of crude Gatifloxacin
Crude Gatifloxacin (100.0 g) prepared as above in stage-3 is suspended in methanol (4000 ml), the temperature is raised and maintained at 60°C to 65°C for 20 min. to get a clear solution. Activated carbon (5 g) is added, maintained for 30 min and the solution is filtered. The filtrate is concentrated to one third of its original volume under vacuum at temperature below 40°C. The reaction mass is gradually cooled and maintained at -10°C to -5°C for 2 hrs. The product is filtered, washed with methanol (50 ml) and dried at 45°C – 50°C to constant weight. The dry weight of the pure Gatifloxacin is 76.0 g (Yield: 76.0 %)
Example-II: Preparation of Gatifloxacin without isolation of intermediate (boron difluoride chelate derivative)
Stage-1: Preparation of l-cyclopropyl-6, 7-difluoro-8-methoxy-4- oxo-1, 4-dihydro-3-quinoline carboxylic acid boron difluoride chelate.
Ethyll-cyclopropyl-6, 7-difluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-l, 4-dihydro-3- quinoline carboxylate (lOOg) is suspended in 40% aq. hydrofluoroboric acid (1000 ml) . Temperature of the reaction mass is raised and maintained at 95°C to 100°C for 5 hrs followed by cooling to 30°C – 35°C. 400 ml DM water is added, maintained at 25°C – 30°C for 2hrs . The product is filtered, washed with DM water (500 ml) and dried at 40°C – 45°C to constant weight. The dry wt is 102.5 g (Yield: 96.6 %)
Stage – 2: Preparation of Gatifloxacin (Crude)
The boron difluoride chelate derivative (100 g) prepared as above in stage-1 is suspended in acetonitrile (800 ml) , 2-methyl piperazine (44 g, 1.5 mole equiv.) is added and mixed for 15 min to obtain a clear solution. The reaction mass is maintained at 30°C – 35°C for 12 hrs. Removed the solvent by vacuum distillation. 20% Aq. ethanol (1000 ml) is added, raised the temperature and maintained at 75°C to 80°C for 2 hrs. The reaction mass is cooled, filtered to remove insolubles. The filtrate is distilled under vacuum to remove solvent completely. Fresh ethanol (250 ml) is added and distilled under vacuum at temperature below 50°C. Fresh Ethanol (250 ml) is added to the residue and gradually cooled to -10°C to -5°C. The reaction mass is maintained at -10°C to -5°C for 1 hr and filtered. The wet cake is washed with ethanol (30 ml) and dried at 45°C – 50°C to constant weight.
The dry weight of the Gatifloxacin is 73.5 g (Yield: 65.4 %)
Stage -3: Purification of crude Gatifloxacin
Crude Gatifloxacin (80.0 g) prepared as above in stage-2 is suspended in methanol (2000 ml) , the temperature is raised and maintained at 60°C to 65°C for 20 min. to get a clear solution. The reaction mixture is filtered. The filtrate is gradually cooled and maintained at -10°C to -5°C for 2 hrs. The product is filtered, washed with methanol (50 ml) and dried at 45°C – 50°C to constant weight.
The dry weight of the pure Gatifloxacin is 56.0 g (Yield: 70.0 %)
……………………….
WO 2005047260
http://www.google.co.in/patents/WO2005047260A1?cl=en
Gatifloxacin is the international common name of l-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-l, 4-dihydro-8-methoxy- 1- (3-methyl-l-piperazinyl) -4-oxo-3-guinolin-carboxylic acid of formula (I) , with application in medicine and known for its antibiotic activity:

European patent application EP-A-230295 discloses a process for obtaining gatifloxacin that consists on the reaction of compound (II) with 2-

In this process the gatifloxacin is isolated in the form of a hemihydrate after a laborious process of column chromatography and recrystallisation in methanol, which contributes towards making the final yield lower than 20% by weight. Moreover, in said process an undesired by-product is formed, resulting from demethylation at position 8 of the ring. European patent application EP-A-241206 discloses a process for preparing gatifloxacin, whose final steps are as follows:

(III) H ft N Me H DMSO
Gatifloxacin (I)

(IV) This process uses the intermediate compound (III) , which has been prepared and isolated in a separate operation, while the intermediate compound (IV) is also isolated before proceeding to its conversion into gatifloxacin by treatment with ethanol in the presence of triethylamine. The overall yield from these three steps is lower than 40%. These disadvantages — a synthesis involving several steps, low yields, and the need to isolate the intermediate products — hinder the production of gatifloxacin on an industrial scale. There is therefore a need to provide a process for preparing gatifloxacin with a good chemical yield, without the need to isolate the intermediate compounds and that substantially avoids demethylation in position 8 of the ring. The processes termed in English “one pot” are characterised in that the synthesis is carried out in the same reaction vessel, without isolating the intermediate compounds, and by means of successive addition of the reacting compounds. The authors of the present invention have discovered a simplified process for preparing gatifloxacin which does not require isolation of the intermediate compounds .

Example 1: Preparing gatifloxacin from compound (II) 10 g (0.0339 moles, 1 equivalent) of compound
(II) is placed in a flask, 30 ml of acetonitryl (3 volumes) is added and this is heated to a temperature of 76-80° C.

Once reflux has been attained, and being the temperature maintained, 3.28 g (0.0203 moles, 0.6 equivalents) of hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) is added with a compensated adding funnel. Once addition is completed, the reaction is maintained with stirring for 1 hour at a temperature of 76-80° C. Once this period has elapsed, the reaction mixture is cooled to a temperature ranging between 0 and 15° C, and 5.78 g (0.0407 moles, 1.2 equivalents) of boron trifluoride ethyletherate is added while keeping the temperature below 15° C. Once addition is completed, the temperature is allowed to rise to 15- 25° C and it is kept under these conditions for approximately 2 hours. The pH of the mixture is then adjusted to an approximate value of 9 with triethylamine (approximately 2 ml) . To the resulting suspension is added a solution of 10.19 g (0.1017 moles, 3 equivalents) of 2-methylpiperazine in 28 ml of acetonitryl, while maintaining the temperature between 15 and 25° C. The resulting amber solution is kept with stirring under these conditions for approximately 3 hours . Once the reaction has been completed, the solution is distilled at low pressure until a stirrable paste is obtained. At this point 50 ml of methanol is added, the resulting suspension is raised to a temperature of 63-67° C and is kept under these conditions for approximately 5 hours . Once the reaction has been completed, the mixture is cooled to a temperature of 25-35° C in a water bath, and then at a temperature of 0-5° C in a water/ice bath for a further 1 hour. The resulting precipitate is filtered, washed with cold methanol (2 x 10 ml) and dried at 40° C in a vacuum oven to constant weight. 10.70 g of crude gatifloxacin is obtained, having a water content of 2.95% by weight. The yield of the process is 81.8%.
The crude product is crystallised in methanol by dissolving 20 g of crude gatifloxacin in 1 1 of methanol (50 volumes) at a temperature of 63-67° C. Once all the product has been dissolved, the solution is left to cool to a temperature of 30-40° C, and then to a temperature of 0-5° C in a water/ice bath, maintaining it under these conditions for 1 hour. The resulting suspension is filtered and the solid retained is washed with 20 ml (1 volume) of cold methanol. The solid obtained is dried at 40° C in a vacuum oven to provide 18.65 g of gatifloxacin with a water content of 2.36% by weight.
The overall yield from the compound (II) is 77.7%, with a purity exceeding 99.8% as determined by HPLC chromatography. The content of by-product resulting from demethylation in position 8 of the ring is lower than 0.1% as determined by HPLC chromatography.

Systematic (IUPAC) name
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro- 8-methoxy-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)- 4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid
Clinical data
Trade names	Zymar
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
MedlinePlus	a605012
Legal status	℞ (Prescription only)
Routes of administration	Oral (discontinued), Intravenous(discontinued) ophthalmic
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding	20%
Half-life	7 to 14 hours
Identifiers
CAS Registry Number	112811-59-3
ATC code	J01MA16 S01AE06
PubChem	CID: 5379
DrugBank	DB01044
ChemSpider	5186
UNII	81485Y3A9A
KEGG	D08011
ChEBI	CHEBI:5280
ChEMBL	CHEMBL31
NIAID ChemDB	044913
Chemical data
Formula	C19H22FN3O4
Molecular mass	375.394 g/mol

PAPER

An improved process to obtain gatifloxacin (1) through use of boron chelate intermediates has been developed. The methodology involves an initial activation step which accelerates the formation of the first chelate under low-temperature conditions and prevents demethylation of the starting material. To increase the overall yield and to avoid the isolation and manipulation of the resulting intermediates, the process has been designed to be carried out in one pot. As a result, we present here an easy, scaleable and substantially impurity-free process to obtain gatifloxacin (1) in high yield.

A High-Throughput Impurity-Free Process for Gatifloxacin

F. Javier Villasante *, Lourdes Gude , Sara P. Fernández , Olga Alonso , Elena García and Antonio Cosme

Department of Research & Development, Química Sintética S.A., c/ Dulcinea s/n, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Alcalá, 28871 Madrid, Alcalá de Henares, Spain

Org. Process Res. Dev., 2008, 12 (5), pp 900–903

DOI: 10.1021/op800042a

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/op800042a

gatifloxacin (1) as white crystals. Yield 32.3 kg, (93%); purity by HPLC 99.87%; Assay by HPLC 100.8%; mp 167−168 °C(18) (Lit. (J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 4478)159−162 °C).

18

DSC analysis showed two endothermic peaks at 166.2 °C (T onset = 164.3 °C) and 190.0 °C (T onset = 188.2 °C) and an exothermic one at 168.1 °C. The shape of this DSC curve is characteristic of a monotropic transition between crystalline forms

Water content by Karl Fischer 3.0%(19) MS m/z 376 (M+ + H);

19

Although there are several hydrates described for gatifloxacin such as, among others, the hemimydrate, sesquihydrate, and pentahydrate(Raghavan, K. S.; Ranadive, S. A.;Gougoutas, J. Z.; Dimarco, J. D.; Parker, W. L.; Dovich, M.; Neuman, A.Gatifloxacin pentahydrate. WO 2002/22126 A1, 2002) , the Gatifloxacin obtained by the present procedure does not seem to form a stoichometric hydrate, but instead it retains moisture.
Thus, the product is usually obtained with a Karl-Fischer value below 1% after drying, but it can absorb moisture until a final content of about 3%. This water content can vary between 2.0% and 3.5%, depending on the relative humidity of the environment. DSC analysis revealed a broad endothermic signal with minimum at 76 °C, while TGA analysis showed that the product loses all the water below 80 °C.
No loss of weight is registered when the product melts, and the weight is constant until the decomposition of the material at about 200 °C. On the basis of these results, it can be said that the water content of the gatifloxacin obtained by the present process is retained moisture instead of water belonging to the lattice. The shape of the derivative of the weight curve at the beginning of the analysis shows that the sample has already lost part of the moisture when the register starts. This is probably due to the sample starting to lose weight when makes contact with the dry atmosphere of the TGA oven that could explain the different values obtained for water content of the analyzed sample by TGA (1.90%) and Karl-Fischer (2.64%) methods.

 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 0.97 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 3H), 1.04 (m, 2H), 1.15 (m, 2H), 2.75−2.94 (m, 4H) 3.14 (m, 1H), 3.30 (m, 2H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 4.15 (m, 1H), 7.70 (d, JH−F = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 8.67 (s, 1H). 

13C NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 8.40, 8.42, 18.66, 40.28, 45.46, 50.17, 50.29 (d, JC−F = 3.44 Hz), 57.36 (d, JC−F = 3.74 Hz), 62.15, 106.0 (d, JC−F = 22.7 Hz), 106.04, 120.05 (d, JC−F = 8.6 Hz), 133.6 (d, JC−F = 1.1 Hz), 138.9 (d, JC−F = 11.9 Hz), 145.2 (d, JC−F = 5.87 Hz), 149.88, 155.06 (d, JC−F = 249.2 Hz), 165.56, 175.56 (d, JC−F = 3.3 Hz).

 19F NMR (DMSO-d6) δ −120.4 (d, J = 12.2 Hz).

Anal. Calcd for C19H22N3O4F + 3.0% H2O; C, 58.95; H, 6.07; N, 10.85. Found: C, 58.90; H, 5.82; N, 10.90.

Boron content 170 ppm.(The respective boron contents found for batches 2 and 3 were 160 and 300 ppm)

Side-effects and removal from the market

A Canadian study published in the New England Journal of Medicine in March 2006 claims Tequin can have significant side effectsincluding dysglycemia.^[2] An editorial by Dr. Jerry Gurwitz in the same issue called for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to consider giving Tequin a black box warning.^[3] This editorial followed distribution of a letter dated February 15 by Bristol-Myers Squibb to health care providers indicating action taken with the FDA to strengthen warnings for the medication.^[4] Subsequently it was reported on May 1, 2006 that Bristol-Myers Squibb would stop manufacture of Tequin, end sales of the drug after existing stockpiles were exhausted, and return all rights to Kyorin.^[5]
Union Health and Family Welfare Ministry of India on 18 March 2011 banned the manufacture, sale and distribution of Gatifloxacin as it caused certain adverse side effects^[6]

Contraindications

Diabetes^[7]

Availability

Gatifloxacin is currently available only in the US and Canada as an ophthalmic solution.
In China it is sold in tablet as well as in eye drop formulations.
Ophthalmic anti-infectives are generally well tolerated. The concentration of the drug observed following oral administration of 400 mg gatifloxacin systemically is approximately 800 times higher than that of the 0.5% Gatifloxacin eye drop. Given as an eye drop, Gatifloxacin Ophthalmic Solution 0.3% & 0.5% cause very low systemic exposures. Therefore, the systemic exposures resulting from the gatifloxacin ophthalmic solution are not likely to pose any risk for systemic toxicities.

• The reaction of 1-bromo-2,4,5-trifluoro-3-methoxybenzene (I) with CuCN and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone at 150 C gives 2,4,5-trifluoro-3-methoxybenzonitrile (II), which by treatment with concentrated H2SO4 yields the benzamide (III) The hydrolysis of (III) with H2SO4 -. water at 110 C affords 2,4,5-trifluoro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (IV), which by reaction with SOCl2 is converted into the acyl chloride (V). The condensation of (V) with diethyl malonate by means of magnesium ethoxide in toluene affords diethyl 2- (2,4,5-trifluoro-3-methoxybenzoyl) malonate (VI), which by treatment with p-toluenesulfonic acid in refluxing water gives ethyl 2- (2,4,5-trifluoro-3-methoxybenzoyl) acetate (VII). The condensation of (VII) with triethyl orthoformate in refluxing acetic anhydride yields 3-ethoxy -2- (2,4,5-trifluoro-3-methoxybenzoyl) acrylic acid ethyl ester (VIII), which is treated with cyclopropylamine (IX) to afford the corresponding cyclopropylamino derivative (X). The cyclization of (X) by means of NaF in refluxing DMF gives 1-cyclopropyl-6,7-difluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (XI), which is hydrolyzed with H2SO4 in acetic acid to yield the corresponding free acid (XII). Finally, this compound is condensed with 2-methylpiperazine (XIII) in hot DMSO.

Title: Gatifloxacin CAS Registry Number: 112811-59-3 CAS Name: 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-7-(3-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid Trademarks: Tequin (BMS); Zymar (Allergan) Molecular Formula: C19H22FN3O4 Molecular Weight: 375.39 Percent Composition: C 60.79%, H 5.91%, F 5.06%, N 11.19%, O 17.05% Literature References: Fluorinated quinolone antibacterial. Prepn: K. Masuzawa et al., EP 230295; eidem, US 4980470 (1987, 1990 both to Kyorin); J. P. Sanchez et al., J. Med. Chem. 38, 4478 (1995); of the sesquihydrate: T. Matsumoto et al., US5880283 (1999 to Kyorin). In vitro antibacterial activity: A. Bauernfeind, J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 40, 639 (1997); H. Fukuda et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42, 1917 (1998). Clinical pharmacokinetics: M. Nakashima et al., ibid. 39, 2635 (1995). Clinical study in urinary tract infection: H. Nito, 10th Mediterranean Congr. Chemother. 1996, 327; in respiratory tract infection: S. Sethi, Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 4, 1847 (2003). Properties: Pale yellow prisms from methanol as hemihydrate, mp 162°. Melting point: mp 162° Derivative Type: Sesquihydrate CAS Registry Number: 180200-66-2 Manufacturers’ Codes: AM-1155 Molecular Formula: C19H22FN3O4.1½H2O Molecular Weight: 384.40 Percent Composition: C 59.37%, H 6.03%, F 4.94%, N 10.93%, O 18.73% Therap-Cat: Antibacterial. Keywords: Antibacterial (Synthetic); Quinolones and Analogs

References

1.  Burka JM, Bower KS, Vanroekel RC, Stutzman RD, Kuzmowych CP, Howard RS (July 2005). “The effect of fourth-generation fluoroquinolones gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin on epithelial healing following photorefractive keratectomy”. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 140 (1): 83–7. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2005.02.037.PMID 15953577.
2.  Park-Wyllie, Laura Y.; David N. Juurlink; Alexander Kopp; Baiju R. Shah; Therese A. Stukel; Carmine Stumpo; Linda Dresser; Donald E. Low; Muhammad M. Mamdani (March 2006).“Outpatient Gatifloxacin Therapy and Dysglycemia in Older Adults”. The New England Journal of Medicine 354 (13): 1352–1361. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa055191. PMID 16510739. Retrieved 2006-05-01. Note: publication date 30 March; available on-line 1 March
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EP0610958A2 *	20 Jul 1989	17 Aug 1994	Ube Industries, Ltd.	Intermediates in the preparation of 4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid derivatives
ES2077490A1 *				Title not available

Citing Patent	Filing date	Publication date	Applicant	Title
WO2008126384A1	31 Mar 2008	23 Oct 2008	Daiichi Sankyo Co Ltd	Method for producing quinolone carboxylic acid derivative
CN101659654B	28 Aug 2008	6 Nov 2013	四川科伦药物研究有限公司	2-Methylpiperazine fluoroquinolone compound and preparation method and application thereof
CN102351843A *	18 Aug 2011	15 Feb 2012	张家口市格瑞高新技术有限公司	Synthesis method of 2-methyl piperazine lomefloxacin
EP1832587A1 *	2 Mar 2007	12 Sep 2007	Quimica Sintetica, S.A.	Method for preparing moxifloxacin and moxifloxacin hydrochloride
US7365201	2 Mar 2006	29 Apr 2008	Apotex Pharmachem Inc.	Process for the preparation of the boron difluoride chelate of quinolone-3-carboxylic acid
US7875722	30 Sep 2009	25 Jan 2011	Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited	Method for producing quinolone carboxylic acid derivative

EP0464823A1 *	Jul 4, 1991	Jan 8, 1992	Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.	(6,7-Substituted-8-alkoxy-1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid-O3,O4)bis(acyloxy-O)borates and the salts thereof, and methods for their manufacture
US4997943 *	Mar 31, 1987	Mar 5, 1991	Sankyo Company Limited	Quinoline-3-carboxylic acid derivatives

Citing Patent	Filing date	Publication date	Applicant	Title
CN101659654B	Aug 28, 2008	Nov 6, 2013	四川科伦药物研究有限公司	2-Methylpiperazine fluoroquinolone compound and preparation method and application thereof
CN102351843A *	Aug 18, 2011	Feb 15, 2012	张家口市格瑞高新技术有限公司	Synthesis method of 2-methyl piperazine lomefloxacin

* Cited by examiner

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Amritsar, punjab, India

1. Amritsar – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

   https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Amritsar

   Amritsar is one of the largest cities of the Punjab state in India. The city origin lies in the village of Tung, and was named after the lake founded by the fourth Sikh  …
   

   ‎Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee – ‎Amritsar district – ‎Amritsar Cantonment – ‎Category:Amritsar

   

   

   GOLDEN TEMPLE
   

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   Tandoori chicken at Surjit Food Plaza. amritsar

   
   

   Bullet marks on the walls of the park premises
   
   
   
   
   
   
   

   
   

   The Jallianwalla Bagh in 1919, months after the massacre
   Mealtime at the Golden Temple Amritsar
   
   Golden Temple – Harmandir Sahib: Free food for everyone

   
   

   Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport in Amritsar
   
   Amritsar – Wagah Border – Street food stall | Explore bernic… |

   

   
   

   Charles W. Bartlett, Amritsar (The Lake by the Golden Temple) 1920
   tandoori chicken

   
   

   Khalsa College

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     Golden Temple
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     Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Ram Bagh Gardens
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     Golden Temple
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     Durgiana Temple
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     The holy water
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     Jallianwala Bagh
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     Jallianwala Bagh
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     The holy water
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     Golden Temple
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     Golden Temple
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     Sikh Gurdwara
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     The holy water

   
   

   Night view of the Harmandir Sahib

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