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Saturday, 6 September 2014

GENISTIN





Genistin

GENISTIN
C21H20O10

 432.38

 CAS Number:529-59-9   
lmax (MeOH) : 326 (3.70), 261 (4.40)





(400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ : 12.94 (1H, s, OH-5), 9.61 (1H, s, OH-4'), 8.43 (1H, s, H-2), 7.40 (2H, d, J = 8.6 Hz, H-2', 6'), 6.82 (2H, d, J = 8.6 Hz, H-3', 5'), 6.72 (1H, d, J = 2.2 Hz, H-8), 6.47 (1H, d, J = 2.2 Hz, H-6), 5.41 (1H, br s, OH-2"), 5.14 (1H, br s, OH-3"), 5.06 (1H, d, J = 7.3 Hz, H-1"), 4.61 (1H, br s, OH-6"), 3.71 (1H, m, H-6"), 3.46 (2H, m, H-5", 6"), 3.27 (2H, m, H-2", 3"), 3.17 (1H, t, J = 8.1 Hz, H-4")



(100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ : 180.49 (C-4), 163.00 (C-7), 161.63 (C-5), 157.49 (C-9), 157.21(C-4'), 154.54 (C-2), 130.15 (C-2', 6'), 122.55 (C-3), 120.98 (C-1'), 115.08 (C-3', 5'), 106.07 (C-10), 99.83 (C-1"), 99.56 (C-6), 94.51 (C-8), 77.18 (C-5"), 76.40 (C-3"), 73.06 (C-2"), 69.58 (C-4"), 60.61 (C-6")

Genistin is an isoflavone found in a number of dietary plants like soy and kudzu. It was first isolated in 1931 from the 90% methanol extract of a soybean meal, when it was found that hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid produced 1 mole each of genisteinand glucose.[1] Chemically it is the 7-O-beta-D-glucoside form of genistein and is the predominant form of the isoflavonenaturally occurring in plants. In fact Studies in the 1970s revealed that 99% of the isoflavonoid compounds in soy are present as their glucosides. The glucosides are converted by digestive enzymes in the digestive system to exert their biological effects. Genistin is also converted to a more familiar genistein, thus, the biological activities including antiatherosclerotic, estrogenic andanticancer effects are analogous.

Metabolism

When ingested along the diet, genistin is readily converted to its aglycone form, genistein. It is hydrolyzed by removing thecovalently bound glucose to form genistein and that genistein is the form of the compound that is absorbed in the intestine and is the form responsible for the biological activities of the isoflavone. The digestive metabolism was first demonstrated in 2002 that the gut microflora played a large role in the conversion of genistin to genistein.[2] It was later found that enzymes present in the human small intestine and liver also have the ability to convert the isoflavone. Hydrolysis actually starts very quickly in thedigestive system once genistin is ingested, conversion begins in the mouth and then continues in the small intestine. Moreover, both human saliva and the intestinal cell-free extract from mice can cause the complete conversion.[2]

Biological importance

Estrogenic activity[

Genistin, like genistein, is a phytoestrogen as it was shown to stimulate estrogen-dependent breast cancer cell growth in vivo. At a concentratio of 1200 ppm, genistin caused significant increase of growth of breast tumors (MCF-7), cellular proliferation and estrogen-responsive pS2 gene expression in mice. Removal of genistin or genistein from the diet caused tumors to regress.[3]

Antiviral activity

Genistin and other isoflavones are demonstrated to be bioactive within the neonatal intestine and may reduce the severity ofrotavirus infections; genistin alone shows inhibition of the viral infectivity by 40-60%.[4]

Bone metabolism

In vitro study have shown that both genistin and genistein are capable of enhancing bone metabolism in the femoral-metaphyseal tissues of elderly rats.[5] The presence of genistein or genistin in the tissue culture caused a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and calcium contents. The effect of genistein was greater than that of genistin. It is also revealed that genistin has a strong bone loss preventive activity on experimental rats, and is especially enhaced by combination withfructooligosaccharides.[6] The amount of new bone produced by grafting genistin in collagen matrix was compared to the bone produced by collagen matrix alone in New Zealand White rabbits, and was observed that genistin caused significant increase in bone formation.[7]

References

  1. Jump up^ Walter ED (1941). "Genistin (an isoflavone glucoside) and its aglucone, genistein, from soybeans". J Am Chem Soc 62 (12): 3273–3276. doi:10.1021/ja01857a013.
  2. ^ Jump up to:a b Coldham NG, Darby C, Hows M, King LJ, Zhang AQ, Sauer MJ (2001). "Comparative metabolism of genistin by human and rat gut microflora: detection and identification of the end-products of metabolism". Xenobiotica 22 (10): 45–62. doi:10.1080/00498250110085809. PMID 11820509.
  3. Jump up^ Allred CD, Ju YH, Allred KF, Chang J, Helferich WG (2001). "Dietary genistin stimulates growth of estrogen-dependent breast cancer tumors similar to that observed with genistein".Carcinogenesis. 22 (10): 1667–1673. doi:10.1093/carcin/22.10.1667. PMID 11577007.
  4. Jump up^ Donovan SM, Andres A, Mathai RA, Kuhlenschmidt TB, Kuhlenschmidt MS (2009). "Soy formula and isoflavones and the developing intestine". Nutr Rev. 67 (S2): 192–200.doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00240.x. PMID 19906223.
  5. Jump up^ Yamaguchi M, Gao YH (January 1998). "Anabolic effect of genistein and genistin on bone metabolism in the femoral-metaphyseal tissues of elderly rats: the genistein effect is enhanced by zinc". Mol. Cell. Biochem. 178 (1-2): 377–82. doi:10.1023/A:1006809031836. PMID 9546622.
  6. Jump up^ Hooshmand S, Juma S, Arjmandi BH. (2010). "Combination of Genistin and Fructooligosaccharides Prevents Bone Loss in Ovarian Hormone Deficiency". J Med Food. [Epub ahead of print] (2): 320–5. doi:10.1089/jmf.2009.0059. PMID 20132047.
  7. Jump up^ Wong RW, Rabie AB (2010). "Effect of genistin on bone formation". Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2 (1): 764–770. PMID 20036920.

External links





http://www.herbdb.co.kr/herb/dbsearch3/separation_view.asp?key=253

Genistin
Genistin.svg
Identifiers
CAS number529-59-9 Yes
PubChem5281377
ChemSpider4444736 Yes
ChEBICHEBI:27514 Yes
ChEMBLCHEMBL486625 Yes
Jmol-3D imagesImage 1
Properties
Molecular formulaC21H20O10
Molar mass432.37 g/mol
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)
Reference:
1. J.C.S. Perkin 1, 1998, 2481-2484.
2. Phytochemistry, 2002, 60, 205-211.
3. Carcinogenesis., 2001, 22(10), 1667-1673.
4. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 1998, 178 (1-2), 377-382.








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